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<p>The rise of antimicrobial resistance has created an urgent global health problem that conventional antibiotics can no longer adequately address, prompting the search for fundamentally different treatment strategies. In recent years, light-responsive nanomaterials have drawn considerable interest for antibacterial use, largely because they generate reactive oxygen species and localized heat upon optical stimulation. At the nano–biointerface, these physicochemical events destabilize bacterial membranes, damage intracellular components, and can eliminate even biofilm-protected pathogens. Nanomaterial-mediated photodynamic and photothermal therapies thus offer practical avenues for tackling multidrug-resistant infections. Metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanostructures, polymeric systems, and lipid nanocarriers have each demonstrated photosensitization and improved bactericidal performance across the visible and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. Recent work has combined photodynamic mechanisms with electrodynamic, radiodynamic, and piezoelectric activation in multimodal systems that generate oxidative stress through overlapping pathways, including singlet oxygen generation, hydroxyl radical production, superoxide anion formation, and lipid peroxidation, yielding substantially improved antimicrobial outcomes. These platforms offer precise spatiotemporal control over bactericidal activity and can reduce antibiotic dosage requirements, potentially slowing the acquisition of resistance. This review surveys the photochemical and physicochemical principles underlying stimulus-responsive antibacterial nanomaterials at biointerfaces, traces recent developments in multifunctional photodynamic, photothermal, electrodynamic, radiodynamic, and piezoelectric platforms, and addresses persistent challenges in biosafety, stimulus penetration, and the path toward clinical use. A clearer mechanistic understanding of nano–biointerface interactions and photochemical behavior will be critical for designing next-generation nanotechnologies capable of effectively treating drug-resistant infections.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Antibacterial Nanomaterials at Biointerfaces: Multiphysical and Chemical Activation Mechanisms as Synergistic Microbial Inactivation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月23日

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  • Nazia Tabassum,
  • Taehyeong Kim,
  • Riza Jane S. Banicod,
  • Du-Min Jo,
  • Tae-Hee Kim,
  • Fazlurrahman Khan

摘要

The rise of antimicrobial resistance has created an urgent global health problem that conventional antibiotics can no longer adequately address, prompting the search for fundamentally different treatment strategies. In recent years, light-responsive nanomaterials have drawn considerable interest for antibacterial use, largely because they generate reactive oxygen species and localized heat upon optical stimulation. At the nano–biointerface, these physicochemical events destabilize bacterial membranes, damage intracellular components, and can eliminate even biofilm-protected pathogens. Nanomaterial-mediated photodynamic and photothermal therapies thus offer practical avenues for tackling multidrug-resistant infections. Metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanostructures, polymeric systems, and lipid nanocarriers have each demonstrated photosensitization and improved bactericidal performance across the visible and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. Recent work has combined photodynamic mechanisms with electrodynamic, radiodynamic, and piezoelectric activation in multimodal systems that generate oxidative stress through overlapping pathways, including singlet oxygen generation, hydroxyl radical production, superoxide anion formation, and lipid peroxidation, yielding substantially improved antimicrobial outcomes. These platforms offer precise spatiotemporal control over bactericidal activity and can reduce antibiotic dosage requirements, potentially slowing the acquisition of resistance. This review surveys the photochemical and physicochemical principles underlying stimulus-responsive antibacterial nanomaterials at biointerfaces, traces recent developments in multifunctional photodynamic, photothermal, electrodynamic, radiodynamic, and piezoelectric platforms, and addresses persistent challenges in biosafety, stimulus penetration, and the path toward clinical use. A clearer mechanistic understanding of nano–biointerface interactions and photochemical behavior will be critical for designing next-generation nanotechnologies capable of effectively treating drug-resistant infections.

Graphical Abstract