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<p>The persistent risk of infection and delayed tissue regeneration at wound and implant sites remains a major limitation of current clinical materials. To address these challenges, a multifunctional polymer-based hydrogel film was developed with the dual objectives of effective microbial control and enhanced tissue compatibility. The hydrogel matrix was composed of chitosan (2%), polyvinyl alcohol (10%), and starch (5%), while zinc oxide nanoparticles (1&#xa0;mM), <i>Syzygium cumini</i> seed extract, and ciprofloxacin were incorporated as active therapeutic agents. Three related formulations (S1–S3) were designed to investigate the contributions of the inorganic and plant-derived components; it should be noted that intermediate single-component controls (polymer-only, ZnO-only, extract-only) were not included in this study and remain a priority for future work to rigorously confirm synergistic contributions. Comprehensive material characterization confirmed the formation of a stable and well-integrated polymeric network. Spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction analyses revealed strong molecular interactions and a pronounced shift toward an amorphous structure, with crystallinity decreasing from 26.1% to 14.8%. Microscopic examination demonstrated a compact, continuous morphology; EDX point analysis detected trace Zn (~ 0.1 wt%), and elemental mapping would be required to fully confirm dispersion homogeneity. A high positive surface charge (~ + 43&#xa0;mV) was recorded. Among the formulations, S3 exhibited favorable mechanical performance, achieving a tensile strength of 0.10&#xa0;MPa and an elongation at break of 12.19%, values consistent with soft flexible wound-contact materials. Functional assessments showed that S3 combined minimal hemolytic activity (&lt; 2%) with strong in vitro antioxidant capacity (~ 85%) and antibacterial activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. The formulation also displayed high drug encapsulation efficiency (~ 90%) and sustained ciprofloxacin release over 48&#xa0;h. <i>In</i> <i>Vitro</i> cell-based studies using zebrafish fin and gill cell lines, selected as an established in vitro toxicological model, confirmed cytocompatibility and supported wound closure behaviour. These results collectively provide preliminary in vitro evidence for S3 as a candidate hydrogel for infection-resistant wound-contact applications; claims relating to implant-associated infection management require dedicated in vivo biofilm and implant-model validation studies not yet performed here.</p>

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In Vitro Development and Characterization of a Chitosan/PVA/Starch Hydrogel Film Incorporating Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Syzygium cumini Extract: Physicochemical, Antimicrobial, and Cytocompatibility Evaluation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月24日

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  • Neha Sharma,
  • S. Hemavathy,
  • Vinay Kumar,
  • S. Abdul Majeed,
  • S. Vimal

摘要

The persistent risk of infection and delayed tissue regeneration at wound and implant sites remains a major limitation of current clinical materials. To address these challenges, a multifunctional polymer-based hydrogel film was developed with the dual objectives of effective microbial control and enhanced tissue compatibility. The hydrogel matrix was composed of chitosan (2%), polyvinyl alcohol (10%), and starch (5%), while zinc oxide nanoparticles (1 mM), Syzygium cumini seed extract, and ciprofloxacin were incorporated as active therapeutic agents. Three related formulations (S1–S3) were designed to investigate the contributions of the inorganic and plant-derived components; it should be noted that intermediate single-component controls (polymer-only, ZnO-only, extract-only) were not included in this study and remain a priority for future work to rigorously confirm synergistic contributions. Comprehensive material characterization confirmed the formation of a stable and well-integrated polymeric network. Spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction analyses revealed strong molecular interactions and a pronounced shift toward an amorphous structure, with crystallinity decreasing from 26.1% to 14.8%. Microscopic examination demonstrated a compact, continuous morphology; EDX point analysis detected trace Zn (~ 0.1 wt%), and elemental mapping would be required to fully confirm dispersion homogeneity. A high positive surface charge (~ + 43 mV) was recorded. Among the formulations, S3 exhibited favorable mechanical performance, achieving a tensile strength of 0.10 MPa and an elongation at break of 12.19%, values consistent with soft flexible wound-contact materials. Functional assessments showed that S3 combined minimal hemolytic activity (< 2%) with strong in vitro antioxidant capacity (~ 85%) and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The formulation also displayed high drug encapsulation efficiency (~ 90%) and sustained ciprofloxacin release over 48 h. In Vitro cell-based studies using zebrafish fin and gill cell lines, selected as an established in vitro toxicological model, confirmed cytocompatibility and supported wound closure behaviour. These results collectively provide preliminary in vitro evidence for S3 as a candidate hydrogel for infection-resistant wound-contact applications; claims relating to implant-associated infection management require dedicated in vivo biofilm and implant-model validation studies not yet performed here.