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<p>Three novel nanoemulsion-based emulgels (EMU24, EMU25, and EMU26) were developed via microfluidization and Carbopol gelling as topical antibiofilm therapeutics against multidrug-resistant (MDR) <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>. The formulations showed suitable physicochemical properties, including pH 6.0, nanodroplet size of 115–123&#xa0;nm, and polydispersity index below 0.3. In vitro release showed sustained drug release over 8&#xa0;h, with EMU24 exhibiting the slowest release and EMU26 the highest. Kinetic analysis indicated that the release behavior was best described by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model for EMU24 and EMU25, suggesting controlled release. MDR profiling confirmed resistance across multiple antibiotic classes in the test isolates. The emulgels displayed antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against <i>K. pneumoniae</i> ATCC 35657, MTCC 432, and four clinical isolates, with EMU25 showing strong anti-adherence activity and EMU26 demonstrating the highest mature biofilm eradication. Hemocompatibility testing showed complete antihemolytic protection with EMU24, and all formulations exhibited marked anti-inflammatory activity. MTT-based biocompatibility assessment on NIH/3T3 fibroblasts indicated no overt cytotoxicity under the tested conditions. Overall, these plant-oil-based nanoemulsion emulgels combined favorable stability, controlled release, biocompatibility, and antibiofilm efficacy, supporting their potential as topical candidates for MDR <i>K. pneumoniae</i> infections.</p>

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Development and Characterization of Nanoemulsion-Based Emulgels for Topical Delivery Against Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Biofilms

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Rafeedah Fathuddin,
  • Shaheedha SM,
  • Karthikeyan Ramalingam

摘要

Three novel nanoemulsion-based emulgels (EMU24, EMU25, and EMU26) were developed via microfluidization and Carbopol gelling as topical antibiofilm therapeutics against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae. The formulations showed suitable physicochemical properties, including pH 6.0, nanodroplet size of 115–123 nm, and polydispersity index below 0.3. In vitro release showed sustained drug release over 8 h, with EMU24 exhibiting the slowest release and EMU26 the highest. Kinetic analysis indicated that the release behavior was best described by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model for EMU24 and EMU25, suggesting controlled release. MDR profiling confirmed resistance across multiple antibiotic classes in the test isolates. The emulgels displayed antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against K. pneumoniae ATCC 35657, MTCC 432, and four clinical isolates, with EMU25 showing strong anti-adherence activity and EMU26 demonstrating the highest mature biofilm eradication. Hemocompatibility testing showed complete antihemolytic protection with EMU24, and all formulations exhibited marked anti-inflammatory activity. MTT-based biocompatibility assessment on NIH/3T3 fibroblasts indicated no overt cytotoxicity under the tested conditions. Overall, these plant-oil-based nanoemulsion emulgels combined favorable stability, controlled release, biocompatibility, and antibiofilm efficacy, supporting their potential as topical candidates for MDR K. pneumoniae infections.