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<p>Lichens produce unique secondary metabolites and serve as effective biological sources for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using aqueous extracts of four Himalayan macrolichens: <i>Canoparmelia pustulescens</i> (Kurok.) Elix, <i>Leptogium cyanescens</i> (Ach.) Körb., <i>Parmotrema tinctorum</i> (Dèspr. ex Nyl.) Hale and <i>Physcia dilatata</i> Nyl. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. UV-Vis analysis revealed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption bands between 400 and 450&#xa0;nm, indicating nanoparticle formation. TEM analysis demonstrated predominantly spherical nanoparticles with dimensions ranging from 10 to 40&#xa0;nm in diameter. FTIR spectroscopy identified functional groups, including –OH, –NH, C = O, and C–O, corresponding to phenolics, proteins, and other secondary metabolites that serve as reducing and capping agents. Among the four species, <i>Parmotrema tinctorum</i> produced the smallest mean particle size (10 ± 6&#xa0;nm), whereas <i>Physcia dilatata</i> produced the largest (18 ± 9&#xa0;nm). These findings highlight the biotechnological potential of Western Himalayan lichens for the green and eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles. While transmission electron microscopy indicated nanoparticle formation, the absence of elemental analysis (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), crystallographic analysis (X-ray diffraction), and hydrodynamic size measurement (dynamic light scattering) limits complete physicochemical characterization.</p>

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Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Four Himalayan Lichens: A Preliminary Physicochemical Characterization and FTIR-Based Functional Group Analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月30日

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  • Nitesh Kumar,
  • Nishat Bhatia,
  • Mohit Sharma,
  • Stuti Rawat,
  • Preeti Chauhan,
  • Arti Sharma,
  • Latif Ahmad Peer

摘要

Lichens produce unique secondary metabolites and serve as effective biological sources for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using aqueous extracts of four Himalayan macrolichens: Canoparmelia pustulescens (Kurok.) Elix, Leptogium cyanescens (Ach.) Körb., Parmotrema tinctorum (Dèspr. ex Nyl.) Hale and Physcia dilatata Nyl. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. UV-Vis analysis revealed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption bands between 400 and 450 nm, indicating nanoparticle formation. TEM analysis demonstrated predominantly spherical nanoparticles with dimensions ranging from 10 to 40 nm in diameter. FTIR spectroscopy identified functional groups, including –OH, –NH, C = O, and C–O, corresponding to phenolics, proteins, and other secondary metabolites that serve as reducing and capping agents. Among the four species, Parmotrema tinctorum produced the smallest mean particle size (10 ± 6 nm), whereas Physcia dilatata produced the largest (18 ± 9 nm). These findings highlight the biotechnological potential of Western Himalayan lichens for the green and eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles. While transmission electron microscopy indicated nanoparticle formation, the absence of elemental analysis (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), crystallographic analysis (X-ray diffraction), and hydrodynamic size measurement (dynamic light scattering) limits complete physicochemical characterization.