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<p>This study reports a green synthesis of copper-based nanoparticles (SCGs–CuNPs) using spent coffee grounds (SCGs) extract as both the reducing and stabilizing agent, aimed at wastewater treatment. The fermentation-assisted extraction process yielded the highest total phenolic content (16.11&#xa0;mg GAE/g DW at 1:100 (w/v)). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed functional groups from SCGs on the nanoparticle surfaces, and X-ray diffraction identified crystalline copper and copper(I) oxide phases. Scanning electron microscopy studies showed primarily spherical nanoparticles with diameters of approximately 60–100&#xa0;nm, exhibiting some agglomeration and size heterogeneity. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis detected copper, carbon, and oxygen. The moderate efficiencies were observed for Methyl orange and Crystal violet, reflecting the influence of molecular structure and stability of different dye classes on catalytic performance. The reaction which followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, confirmed the role of SCGs–CuNPs as the effective electron-relay mediators in NaBH₄-assisted reduction systems. In addition, SCGs–CuNPs demonstrated antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, whereas the SCGs extract alone showed limited or no inhibitory effect. These low-cost, eco-friendly SCGs–CuNPs demonstrated promise for integrated dye remediation and antimicrobial wastewater treatment and provide a valorization route for agricultural waste.</p>

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Green Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles using Spent Coffee Grounds Extract for Efficient Removal of Organic Dyes from Wastewater and Antibacterial Activity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月16日

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  • Nattawee Poomsuk,
  • Wuttichai Roschat,
  • Patsorn Khomkhonsue,
  • Wichuda Phuangnil,
  • Kittipat Konkan,
  • Aekkaphon Thammayod,
  • Jinda Jandaruang,
  • Prawit Nuengmatcha,
  • Suresh Sagadevan

摘要

This study reports a green synthesis of copper-based nanoparticles (SCGs–CuNPs) using spent coffee grounds (SCGs) extract as both the reducing and stabilizing agent, aimed at wastewater treatment. The fermentation-assisted extraction process yielded the highest total phenolic content (16.11 mg GAE/g DW at 1:100 (w/v)). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed functional groups from SCGs on the nanoparticle surfaces, and X-ray diffraction identified crystalline copper and copper(I) oxide phases. Scanning electron microscopy studies showed primarily spherical nanoparticles with diameters of approximately 60–100 nm, exhibiting some agglomeration and size heterogeneity. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis detected copper, carbon, and oxygen. The moderate efficiencies were observed for Methyl orange and Crystal violet, reflecting the influence of molecular structure and stability of different dye classes on catalytic performance. The reaction which followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, confirmed the role of SCGs–CuNPs as the effective electron-relay mediators in NaBH₄-assisted reduction systems. In addition, SCGs–CuNPs demonstrated antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, whereas the SCGs extract alone showed limited or no inhibitory effect. These low-cost, eco-friendly SCGs–CuNPs demonstrated promise for integrated dye remediation and antimicrobial wastewater treatment and provide a valorization route for agricultural waste.