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<p>Naringin (NAR), a natural flavonoid with robust antioxidant and anticancer properties, is limited in clinical use due to poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and instability under physiological conditions. This study aimed to enhance its therapeutic potential by formulating naringin-loaded graphitic carbon dots (NAR-g-CDs) using a green synthesis method. Hydrothermal treatment of NAR with ginger paste as a reducing and stabilizing agent yielded stable, uniformly dispersed nanoparticles (NPs). The synthesized NAR-g-CDs exhibited an average diameter of 8.3&#xa0;nm and a high zeta potential of − 51.6 mV, indicating excellent colloidal stability. Characterization through UV–Vis, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and TEM confirmed the formation of amorphous, graphitic carbon dots (CDs) with effective drug encapsulation. <i>In vitro</i> release studies showed pH-responsive behaviour, with significantly higher drug release at acidic pH 5.5 (42.42%), compared to pH 7.4 (24.47%) over 48&#xa0;h. Cytotoxicity assays against HL-60 leukemia cells demonstrated enhanced antiproliferative activity of NAR-g-CDs, compared to free NAR, while showing good biocompatibility at lower concentrations. This green, scalable approach offers an effective strategy for improving NARs solubility, stability, and anticancer efficacy. NAR-g-CDs demonstrate significant potential as a green nanocarrier platform for pH-responsive and targeted cancer therapy.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Green-Synthesized Graphitic Carbon Dots for pH-Responsive Delivery of Naringin with Enhanced Cytotoxicity Against Leukemia Cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月2日

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  • Akshata Uday Patil,
  • Roselina Panghiyangani,
  • Somnath Devidas Bhinge,
  • Namdeo Ramhari Jadhav,
  • Mangesh Anil Bhutkar,
  • Sachin S. Mali,
  • Shailendra Gurav,
  • Sudarshan Singh

摘要

Naringin (NAR), a natural flavonoid with robust antioxidant and anticancer properties, is limited in clinical use due to poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and instability under physiological conditions. This study aimed to enhance its therapeutic potential by formulating naringin-loaded graphitic carbon dots (NAR-g-CDs) using a green synthesis method. Hydrothermal treatment of NAR with ginger paste as a reducing and stabilizing agent yielded stable, uniformly dispersed nanoparticles (NPs). The synthesized NAR-g-CDs exhibited an average diameter of 8.3 nm and a high zeta potential of − 51.6 mV, indicating excellent colloidal stability. Characterization through UV–Vis, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and TEM confirmed the formation of amorphous, graphitic carbon dots (CDs) with effective drug encapsulation. In vitro release studies showed pH-responsive behaviour, with significantly higher drug release at acidic pH 5.5 (42.42%), compared to pH 7.4 (24.47%) over 48 h. Cytotoxicity assays against HL-60 leukemia cells demonstrated enhanced antiproliferative activity of NAR-g-CDs, compared to free NAR, while showing good biocompatibility at lower concentrations. This green, scalable approach offers an effective strategy for improving NARs solubility, stability, and anticancer efficacy. NAR-g-CDs demonstrate significant potential as a green nanocarrier platform for pH-responsive and targeted cancer therapy.

Graphical Abstract