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<p>Industrial wastewater containing lead (Pb²⁺) requires efficient and environmentally sustainable treatment strategies. In this study, a chitosan–starch–selenium nanocomposite (CS/S/SeNC) was synthesized via chemical reduction of sodium selenite followed by biopolymer encapsulation using chitosan and starch. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized using zeta potential and dynamic light scattering, confirming a positively charged surface (+ 38.2 mV) and an average hydrodynamic diameter of approximately 200&#xa0;nm, indicating effective nanoparticle stabilization within the polymer matrix. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate Pb²⁺ removal under varying operational conditions, including initial metal concentration (1–10&#xa0;mg L⁻¹), adsorbent dosage (0.5–5&#xa0;mg), pH (2–6), and contact time (30–150&#xa0;min). Under optimized conditions (pH 6, 5&#xa0;mg adsorbent, 150&#xa0;min), the nanocomposite achieved a maximum removal efficiency of 69.6%, outperforming pristine selenium nanoparticles (63.3%). Adsorption equilibrium was best described by the Langmuir isotherm model (R² = 0.977), indicating monolayer adsorption, while thermodynamic parameters (ΔH° = −29.03&#xa0;kJ mol⁻¹; ΔG° = −4.83 to − 3.23&#xa0;kJ mol⁻¹) confirmed a spontaneous and exothermic process. Environmental safety was assessed through <i>Vigna radiata</i> phytotoxicity and soil analysis, where CS/S/SeNC-treated samples exhibited a high germination index (81–87%) and minimal soil enzyme inhibition, in contrast to free SeNPs, which showed reduced germination (~ 40%) at higher concentrations. These results suggest that CS/S/SeNC is a stable and effective adsorbent for Pb²⁺ removal with comparatively lower phytotoxic effects under the tested experimental conditions, indicating its potential applicability in sustainable wastewater treatment.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Biopolymer-assisted Synthesis of a Chitosan–Starch–Selenium Nanocomposite for Pb²⁺ Removal From Aqueous Media: Adsorption Performance and Environmental Safety Assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月30日

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  • R. Sowmya,
  • S. Karthick Raja Namasivayam,
  • G. S. Amrish Varshan,
  • Krithika Shree Sivasuriyan

摘要

Industrial wastewater containing lead (Pb²⁺) requires efficient and environmentally sustainable treatment strategies. In this study, a chitosan–starch–selenium nanocomposite (CS/S/SeNC) was synthesized via chemical reduction of sodium selenite followed by biopolymer encapsulation using chitosan and starch. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized using zeta potential and dynamic light scattering, confirming a positively charged surface (+ 38.2 mV) and an average hydrodynamic diameter of approximately 200 nm, indicating effective nanoparticle stabilization within the polymer matrix. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate Pb²⁺ removal under varying operational conditions, including initial metal concentration (1–10 mg L⁻¹), adsorbent dosage (0.5–5 mg), pH (2–6), and contact time (30–150 min). Under optimized conditions (pH 6, 5 mg adsorbent, 150 min), the nanocomposite achieved a maximum removal efficiency of 69.6%, outperforming pristine selenium nanoparticles (63.3%). Adsorption equilibrium was best described by the Langmuir isotherm model (R² = 0.977), indicating monolayer adsorption, while thermodynamic parameters (ΔH° = −29.03 kJ mol⁻¹; ΔG° = −4.83 to − 3.23 kJ mol⁻¹) confirmed a spontaneous and exothermic process. Environmental safety was assessed through Vigna radiata phytotoxicity and soil analysis, where CS/S/SeNC-treated samples exhibited a high germination index (81–87%) and minimal soil enzyme inhibition, in contrast to free SeNPs, which showed reduced germination (~ 40%) at higher concentrations. These results suggest that CS/S/SeNC is a stable and effective adsorbent for Pb²⁺ removal with comparatively lower phytotoxic effects under the tested experimental conditions, indicating its potential applicability in sustainable wastewater treatment.

Graphical Abstract