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<p>The use of synthetic pigments in cosmetic and hygiene products has raised concerns due to their potential to induce skin irritation, oxidative stress, and microbial resistance. In addition, chemically synthesized TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) have been associated with cellular toxicity, highlighting the need for sustainable and biologically derived alternatives. It was hypothesized that biomolecule-rich cyanobacterial pigments could facilitate the biosynthesis and stabilization of TiO₂ NPs suitable for cosmetic formulations. In this study, TiO₂ NPs were biosynthesized using phycocyanin (PC) and phycoerythrin (PE) pigments extracted from cyanobacteria (<i>Nostoc</i> sp. FB71 and <i>Neowestiellopsis persica</i> A1387). NP formation was supported by UV–Visible )UV–Vis( spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). UV–Vis spectra indicated NP formation in the UV region, FTIR analysis suggested the involvement of biomolecules in NP stabilization and Ti–O–Ti bond formation, and XRD analysis revealed the crystalline anatase phase. DLS analysis showed nanoscale particle sizes with high colloidal stability, supported by zeta potential values ranging from − 68.1 to − 52.7 mV. SEM analysis demonstrated morphology and aggregation differences depending on pigment source. For formulation studies, the biosynthesized NPs were used as coatings on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films and incorporated into anti-acne and antibacterial hand sanitizer gels. Three NP systems were evaluated: Co (control), T1 (PC-derived TiO₂), T2 (PE-derived TiO₂), and T3 (PC + PE-derived TiO₂). The gel formulations were evaluated over 30 days for physicochemical stability, including pH, viscosity, foaming ability, color, odor, homogeneity, and spreadability under different storage temperatures (4–40&#xa0;°C). Biological evaluation showed that T3 exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, lowest MIC and MBC values, and the strongest antioxidant capacity during storage compared to T1, T2, and the control. Interestingly, despite PE having a higher pigment purity index than PC, the PC-derived system produced smaller NPs with improved colloidal stability, suggesting that co-extracted biomolecules acted as effective reducing and capping agents during NP formation. Overall, the combined formulation (T3) demonstrated the most stable and effective performance, indicating that associated biomolecules, in addition to pigment purity, play an important role in determining NP behavior and formulation properties.</p>

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Green Biosynthesis of Phycobiliprotein-Mediated TiO₂ Nanoparticles and Their Application in Nigella Sativa–Based Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Topical Gels

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Melika Dehghanizadeh,
  • Bahareh Nowruzi

摘要

The use of synthetic pigments in cosmetic and hygiene products has raised concerns due to their potential to induce skin irritation, oxidative stress, and microbial resistance. In addition, chemically synthesized TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) have been associated with cellular toxicity, highlighting the need for sustainable and biologically derived alternatives. It was hypothesized that biomolecule-rich cyanobacterial pigments could facilitate the biosynthesis and stabilization of TiO₂ NPs suitable for cosmetic formulations. In this study, TiO₂ NPs were biosynthesized using phycocyanin (PC) and phycoerythrin (PE) pigments extracted from cyanobacteria (Nostoc sp. FB71 and Neowestiellopsis persica A1387). NP formation was supported by UV–Visible )UV–Vis( spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). UV–Vis spectra indicated NP formation in the UV region, FTIR analysis suggested the involvement of biomolecules in NP stabilization and Ti–O–Ti bond formation, and XRD analysis revealed the crystalline anatase phase. DLS analysis showed nanoscale particle sizes with high colloidal stability, supported by zeta potential values ranging from − 68.1 to − 52.7 mV. SEM analysis demonstrated morphology and aggregation differences depending on pigment source. For formulation studies, the biosynthesized NPs were used as coatings on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films and incorporated into anti-acne and antibacterial hand sanitizer gels. Three NP systems were evaluated: Co (control), T1 (PC-derived TiO₂), T2 (PE-derived TiO₂), and T3 (PC + PE-derived TiO₂). The gel formulations were evaluated over 30 days for physicochemical stability, including pH, viscosity, foaming ability, color, odor, homogeneity, and spreadability under different storage temperatures (4–40 °C). Biological evaluation showed that T3 exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, lowest MIC and MBC values, and the strongest antioxidant capacity during storage compared to T1, T2, and the control. Interestingly, despite PE having a higher pigment purity index than PC, the PC-derived system produced smaller NPs with improved colloidal stability, suggesting that co-extracted biomolecules acted as effective reducing and capping agents during NP formation. Overall, the combined formulation (T3) demonstrated the most stable and effective performance, indicating that associated biomolecules, in addition to pigment purity, play an important role in determining NP behavior and formulation properties.