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<p>Calcium (Ca) is essential for optimal <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> L. (okra) development, contributing to cell wall fortification, membrane stability, and efficient signal transduction. Adequate Ca supply enhances vegetative vigor, chlorophyll retention, reproductive success, and fruit structural integrity, while deficiency results in impaired growth, reduced fruit set, and tissue breakdown. Improving calcium bioavailability, particularly via nanoscale CaO formulations, can significantly elevate nutrient uptake efficiency and overall crop performance. This study aimed to develop biogenic calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaONPs) synthesized by <i>Bacillus paramycoides</i> through an environmentally benign green chemistry route and to investigate their impact on calcium content and growth performance of okra. The synthesized CaONPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The presence of a distinct absorption peak at 380&#xa0;nm in the UV-Vis spectrum confirmed the formation of CaONPs, while TEM observations indicated that the nanoparticles were spherical in shape with an average diameter of 25&#xa0;nm. ICP-MS results indicated a substantial enhancement in growth in the treated samples compared to the untreated and market control groups when administered at the same treatment concentration. The yield parameters exhibited a positive correlation with increasing concentrations of CaONPs. The study demonstrates that <i>Bacillus paramycoides</i>-derived CaONPs nanoparticles function as a growth stimulant, leading to a significant increase in both growth performance and calcium content in okra. This suggests that there is a relationship between the dosage of CaONPs and their potential for improving agricultural biofortification.</p>

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Biogenic Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles Utilizing Bacillus paramycoides to Enhance Biofortification in Abelmoschus esculentus L.

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Farukh Hussan,
  • Somedutta Maity,
  • K. Lakshmi Narayana Reddy,
  • Karuganti Sukumar,
  • Emani Sri Gayathri Reddy,
  • Ramesh Koduru

摘要

Calcium (Ca) is essential for optimal Abelmoschus esculentus L. (okra) development, contributing to cell wall fortification, membrane stability, and efficient signal transduction. Adequate Ca supply enhances vegetative vigor, chlorophyll retention, reproductive success, and fruit structural integrity, while deficiency results in impaired growth, reduced fruit set, and tissue breakdown. Improving calcium bioavailability, particularly via nanoscale CaO formulations, can significantly elevate nutrient uptake efficiency and overall crop performance. This study aimed to develop biogenic calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaONPs) synthesized by Bacillus paramycoides through an environmentally benign green chemistry route and to investigate their impact on calcium content and growth performance of okra. The synthesized CaONPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The presence of a distinct absorption peak at 380 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum confirmed the formation of CaONPs, while TEM observations indicated that the nanoparticles were spherical in shape with an average diameter of 25 nm. ICP-MS results indicated a substantial enhancement in growth in the treated samples compared to the untreated and market control groups when administered at the same treatment concentration. The yield parameters exhibited a positive correlation with increasing concentrations of CaONPs. The study demonstrates that Bacillus paramycoides-derived CaONPs nanoparticles function as a growth stimulant, leading to a significant increase in both growth performance and calcium content in okra. This suggests that there is a relationship between the dosage of CaONPs and their potential for improving agricultural biofortification.