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<p>Green and sustainable benign pathways enable the transformation of macroscopic gold into the nanoscale. This leads to activating the exceptional biological and medical functionalities that are absent in its inert and larger metallic form. This study reported a one-pot gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) synthesis avoiding multi-chemical processing using <i>Fumaria officinalis</i> extract (FO) as both reducing and stabilizing natural agent. The effect of AuNPs formation time (30 min), temperature (50° C), gold ion concentration (0.5 mM), gold metal ion to FO extract ratio (1:10), and pH level (7) was investigated spectrophotometrically at λ<sub>max</sub> = 533 nm<b>.</b> The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis confirmed high-purity metallic gold formation with minimal impurities. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed peaks consistent with gold's face-centered cubic structure, indicating high crystallinity. Images from Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed mainly spherical AuNPs sized 10 to 50 nm with a narrow size distribution. The zeta potential of − 28.3 mV indicated good colloidal stability due to biomolecule capping. Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified the presence of functional bio-molecules that act as reducing and capping agents for AuNPs formation. In Vitro cytotoxicity of AuNPs was analyzed on human L929 fibroblast cells via 3- (4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Viability of the cells remained above 80% at low concentrations, whereas a dose-dependent decrease in viability was observed at higher concentrations. The maximum inhibitory concentration (IC<sub>50</sub>) value was calculated and was found to be 38.6 µg/mL. Evaluation via the Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) assessment tool confirmed that the proposed AuNPs synthesis aligns with green chemistry principles.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p> <p>Graphical abstract. Showing the workflow of AuNPs synthesis from plant extraction, characterization, cytotoxicity validation, and AGREE assessment. (Created with BioRender).</p>

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Evaluation of gold nanoparticles biogenic synthesis: From characterization to reaction parameters optimization, L929 cells biocompatibility, and Analytical Greenness

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月29日

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  • Murtadha A. Mohammad,
  • Ban O. Abdulsattar,
  • Jwan Oday Abdulsattar,
  • Oday M. Abdulmunem,
  • Bayader F. Abbas,
  • Olfat A. Neif

摘要

Green and sustainable benign pathways enable the transformation of macroscopic gold into the nanoscale. This leads to activating the exceptional biological and medical functionalities that are absent in its inert and larger metallic form. This study reported a one-pot gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) synthesis avoiding multi-chemical processing using Fumaria officinalis extract (FO) as both reducing and stabilizing natural agent. The effect of AuNPs formation time (30 min), temperature (50° C), gold ion concentration (0.5 mM), gold metal ion to FO extract ratio (1:10), and pH level (7) was investigated spectrophotometrically at λmax = 533 nm. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis confirmed high-purity metallic gold formation with minimal impurities. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed peaks consistent with gold's face-centered cubic structure, indicating high crystallinity. Images from Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed mainly spherical AuNPs sized 10 to 50 nm with a narrow size distribution. The zeta potential of − 28.3 mV indicated good colloidal stability due to biomolecule capping. Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified the presence of functional bio-molecules that act as reducing and capping agents for AuNPs formation. In Vitro cytotoxicity of AuNPs was analyzed on human L929 fibroblast cells via 3- (4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Viability of the cells remained above 80% at low concentrations, whereas a dose-dependent decrease in viability was observed at higher concentrations. The maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was calculated and was found to be 38.6 µg/mL. Evaluation via the Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) assessment tool confirmed that the proposed AuNPs synthesis aligns with green chemistry principles.

Graphical Abstract

Graphical abstract. Showing the workflow of AuNPs synthesis from plant extraction, characterization, cytotoxicity validation, and AGREE assessment. (Created with BioRender).