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<p>Chaga, <i>Inonotus obliquus</i>, is a wild mushroom recognized for its therapeutic constituents. Selenium nanoparticles were green synthesized from Chaga aqueous extract (Ch-SeNPs), the nanoparticles were characterized using UV–Vis, TEM, EDX, DLS, Zeta potential, and FTIR to confirm their morphology, size, and functional groups. The bioactive constituents in the extract was determined by Gas Chromatography Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The biological activity of Ch-SeNPs was investigated against five pathogenic <i>Candida species</i>,<i> Candida albicans</i>, <i>Candida glabrata</i>,<i> Candida krusei</i>, <i>Candida tropicalis</i> and <i>Candida parapsilosis</i>, using well diffusion method, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). Furthermore, the morphological and intracellular changes in treated <i>Candida species</i> were revealed via Transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Cytotoxicity of Ch-SeNPs was tested using MTT assay, and the antiviral activity was investigated against three human viruses, Hepatitis A virus, Coxsackie B virus, and Herpes Simplex virus type-1 using plaque assay. Ch-SeNPs were confirmed by a significant absorption peak in the UV region at 263.64&#xa0;nm with an average diameter of 63.80&#xa0;nm. Furthermore, Zeta potential measurements revealed a negative charge with zeta potential of -27.6 mV. TEM image confirmed spherical morphology with particle size around 40–100&#xa0;nm. EDX analysis exhibited the selenium signal. Well diffusion method, MIC, MFC, SEM and TEM showed that the Ch-SeNPs have potent antifungal effect against the tested <i>Candida sp</i>. at low concentrations. Cytotoxicity results indicated low cytotoxic effect of Ch-SeNPs on Vero cells, the MNTC was 31.25&#xa0;µg/mL, and CC50 was estimated to be 78.88 ± 0.3&#xa0;µg/mL. The anti-viral assay showed a significant (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) reduction in infectivity titer by 80.52%, and 99%, for HSV-1, and HAV, respectively. However, no effect observed against Cox-B4. This study showed potent anti-fungal and promising anti-viral activity of green synthesized Ch-SeNPs, which makes it a promising candidate as natural source for drug development and future pharmaceutical applications.&#xa0;</p>

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Green Synthesis of Chaga Selenium Nanoparticles (Ch-SeNPs) as Antiviral and Anti-fungal Agent: Insights into the Morphological and Intracellular Changes of Candida Sp

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月26日

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  • Eman M. Handak,
  • Mohammed. H. M. Obaid,
  • Tuqa Mohammed AlDoori,
  • Abeer Mansour Abdel Rasool,
  • Ihab A. A. Sharawy,
  • Marwa A. Kamel

摘要

Chaga, Inonotus obliquus, is a wild mushroom recognized for its therapeutic constituents. Selenium nanoparticles were green synthesized from Chaga aqueous extract (Ch-SeNPs), the nanoparticles were characterized using UV–Vis, TEM, EDX, DLS, Zeta potential, and FTIR to confirm their morphology, size, and functional groups. The bioactive constituents in the extract was determined by Gas Chromatography Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The biological activity of Ch-SeNPs was investigated against five pathogenic Candida species, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis, using well diffusion method, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). Furthermore, the morphological and intracellular changes in treated Candida species were revealed via Transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Cytotoxicity of Ch-SeNPs was tested using MTT assay, and the antiviral activity was investigated against three human viruses, Hepatitis A virus, Coxsackie B virus, and Herpes Simplex virus type-1 using plaque assay. Ch-SeNPs were confirmed by a significant absorption peak in the UV region at 263.64 nm with an average diameter of 63.80 nm. Furthermore, Zeta potential measurements revealed a negative charge with zeta potential of -27.6 mV. TEM image confirmed spherical morphology with particle size around 40–100 nm. EDX analysis exhibited the selenium signal. Well diffusion method, MIC, MFC, SEM and TEM showed that the Ch-SeNPs have potent antifungal effect against the tested Candida sp. at low concentrations. Cytotoxicity results indicated low cytotoxic effect of Ch-SeNPs on Vero cells, the MNTC was 31.25 µg/mL, and CC50 was estimated to be 78.88 ± 0.3 µg/mL. The anti-viral assay showed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in infectivity titer by 80.52%, and 99%, for HSV-1, and HAV, respectively. However, no effect observed against Cox-B4. This study showed potent anti-fungal and promising anti-viral activity of green synthesized Ch-SeNPs, which makes it a promising candidate as natural source for drug development and future pharmaceutical applications.