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<p>Graphene-coated gold nanostars (GGNSs) have recently garnered significant interest due to their exceptional thermal stability and tunable optical response. In this study, we investigate the photothermal performance of GGNSs by integrating Gans and Mie theories with finite element bioheat modeling. The results show that GGNSs produce significantly higher temperature elevations under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation compared to conventional gold nanostars (GNSs), making them highly promising candidates for photothermal therapy (PTT).By adjusting the thickness of the graphene shell and the aspect ratio, the plasmonic resonance of GGNSs can be precisely tuned within the second NIR window (NIR-II), enabling deeper tissue penetration and improved heating efficiency. The optimal PTT performance is achieved for single-layer GGNSs with an effective radius of 65&#xa0;nm and an aspect ratio of 3.3. Under 1064-nm irradiation at 1&#xa0;W/cm² for 6&#xa0;min, these GGNSs achieve a photothermal conversion efficiency of 0.711 (71.1%).The incorporation of graphene significantly enhances heat transfer into biological tissues, reduces the required irradiation time, and minimizes the number of laser pulses necessary for therapeutic ablation. These findings underscore the strong potential of GGNSs as next-generation photothermal agents for efficient and minimally invasive cancer treatment.</p>

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Computational Study of Graphene Coated Gold Nanostars for Deep Cancer Tissue Photothermal Therapy in the NIR-II Window

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Mohanna Etemadi,
  • Saeed Golmohammadi,
  • Seyed Hossein Rasta,
  • Abolfazl Akbarzadeh

摘要

Graphene-coated gold nanostars (GGNSs) have recently garnered significant interest due to their exceptional thermal stability and tunable optical response. In this study, we investigate the photothermal performance of GGNSs by integrating Gans and Mie theories with finite element bioheat modeling. The results show that GGNSs produce significantly higher temperature elevations under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation compared to conventional gold nanostars (GNSs), making them highly promising candidates for photothermal therapy (PTT).By adjusting the thickness of the graphene shell and the aspect ratio, the plasmonic resonance of GGNSs can be precisely tuned within the second NIR window (NIR-II), enabling deeper tissue penetration and improved heating efficiency. The optimal PTT performance is achieved for single-layer GGNSs with an effective radius of 65 nm and an aspect ratio of 3.3. Under 1064-nm irradiation at 1 W/cm² for 6 min, these GGNSs achieve a photothermal conversion efficiency of 0.711 (71.1%).The incorporation of graphene significantly enhances heat transfer into biological tissues, reduces the required irradiation time, and minimizes the number of laser pulses necessary for therapeutic ablation. These findings underscore the strong potential of GGNSs as next-generation photothermal agents for efficient and minimally invasive cancer treatment.