<p>As global agriculture endeavors to increase productivity while reducing environmental impacts, the declining efficiency and ecological concerns associated with conventional fertilizers necessitate the need for the development of advanced nutrient management strategies. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of nano-fertilizers as promising alternatives, with a specific focus on nano-NPK, nano-urea, nano-DAP, and micronutrient-based formulations. It discusses the mechanisms of nutrient delivery, potential improvements in nutrient use efficiency, and their roles in modulating plant physiological responses under stress conditions. Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative frontier in this context; it offers a promising framework for improving fertilizer performance through enhanced nutrient availability and targeted delivery. These nano-enabled inputs not only improve nutrient acquisition and metabolic efficiency but also influence plant stress physiology by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) dynamics, activating antioxidant defense systems, and stabilizing key metabolic processes. Such effects contribute to improved plant resilience under diverse abiotic and biotic stress conditions. Collectively, current evidence positions nanofertilizers as promising tools for strengthening crop performance under adverse environmental conditions, while underscoring the importance of advancing mechanistic understanding and risk evaluation to support their safe and effective use. Key considerations include the potential accumulation of nanoparticles in soils and food systems, their long-term ecological impacts, and limitations related to environmentally sustainable large-scale production methods. By bridging scientific innovation with regulatory and commercialization perspectives, this review positions nano-fertilizers as strategic tools in reshaping global agriculture, advancing food security, and charting a sustainable trajectory for future farming systems.</p>