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<p>Multidrug-resistant (MDR) <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> is a major cause of urinary tract infections and is difficult to treat because of its high resistance to antibiotics and strong biofilm-forming ability. Therefore, new antimicrobial strategies are urgently needed. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using galactose were evaluated alone and in combination with gentamicin against MDR <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> isolates recovered from UTI patients. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR, DLS, and zeta potential analysis. The AgNPs were predominantly spherical, with an average particle size of approximately 26.5&#xa0;nm as determined by TEM, and XRD confirmed their crystalline nature. Antibacterial activity was assessed using agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and checkerboard assays. The AgNP-gentamicin formulation produced larger inhibition zones (21.3 ± 2.4&#xa0;mm) compared with AgNPs (14.8 ± 2.1&#xa0;mm) and gentamicin (8.7 ± 1.9&#xa0;mm), with lower MIC values and synergistic interaction. In addition, the combined formulation demonstrated enhanced antibiofilm and antivirulence effects, including inhibition of biofilm biomass and reduction in protease and gelatinase production. Cytotoxicity analysis indicated concentration-dependent effects, with the combined formulation showing lower toxicity than AgNPs alone at equivalent concentrations. These findings suggest that galactose-mediated AgNPs may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy against MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa-associated urinary tract infections.</p>

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Investigation of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Galactose and Their Synergistic Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity with Gentamicin Against MDR Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolates from UTI Patients

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月18日

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  • Mohammed Irmayyidh Mutar,
  • Shanmugam Velayuthaprabhu,
  • Safaa Abed Latef

摘要

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of urinary tract infections and is difficult to treat because of its high resistance to antibiotics and strong biofilm-forming ability. Therefore, new antimicrobial strategies are urgently needed. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using galactose were evaluated alone and in combination with gentamicin against MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates recovered from UTI patients. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR, DLS, and zeta potential analysis. The AgNPs were predominantly spherical, with an average particle size of approximately 26.5 nm as determined by TEM, and XRD confirmed their crystalline nature. Antibacterial activity was assessed using agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and checkerboard assays. The AgNP-gentamicin formulation produced larger inhibition zones (21.3 ± 2.4 mm) compared with AgNPs (14.8 ± 2.1 mm) and gentamicin (8.7 ± 1.9 mm), with lower MIC values and synergistic interaction. In addition, the combined formulation demonstrated enhanced antibiofilm and antivirulence effects, including inhibition of biofilm biomass and reduction in protease and gelatinase production. Cytotoxicity analysis indicated concentration-dependent effects, with the combined formulation showing lower toxicity than AgNPs alone at equivalent concentrations. These findings suggest that galactose-mediated AgNPs may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy against MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa-associated urinary tract infections.