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<p>This study evaluated whether quercetin nanoparticles can ameliorate ethion-induced testicular toxicity in Wistar albino rats and nanoparticle delivery improves efficacy over free quercetin. Chitosan–TPP encapsulated quercetin nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation and characterized by FTIR, DSC, TGA, and SEM, showing characteristic FTIR peaks at 3416.74 and 2924.20&#xa0;cm − 1, a melting transition at 326.02&#xa0;°C, a uniform single thermal event around 150–250&#xa0;°C in TGA, and nanoscale rod-like, granular, and spherical morphologies. Forty-two rats were randomized into seven groups (<i>n</i> = 6): vehicle, quercetin, quercetin nanoparticles, ethion (7.2&#xa0;mg/kg), ethion (3.6&#xa0;mg/kg), ethion + quercetin (50&#xa0;mg/kg), and ethion + quercetin nanoparticles (50&#xa0;mg/kg) for 60 days. Ethion produced dose-dependent testicular toxicity, evidenced by reduced testicular enzymes (ACP, LDH, SDH, GGT), decreased antioxidant defenses (CAT, SOD, GPx, GST, GR), depletion of GSH, and increased oxidative stress indices (LPO, PCC, ROS). Reproductive impairment was reflected by decreased sperm motility, total count, viability, HOST-positive sperm, and intact acrosomes, with increased abnormal morphology. Ethion also reduced steroidogenic enzymes (3β-HSD, 17β-HSD) and reproductive hormones (FSH, LH, testosterone). Apoptosis was enhanced, with dose-dependent upregulation of caspase-3 and downregulation of Bcl2 at mRNA and protein levels and by immunostaining, corroborated by histopathological necrosis, spermatogonial depletion, vacuolation, apoptotic cells, and DNA fragmentation. Co-administration of quercetin mitigated these alterations, while quercetin nanoparticles produced significantly greater protection than free quercetin, likely via increased bioavailability, enhanced solubility, targeted delivery, and sustained release, supporting quercetin nanoparticles as a promising strategy against pesticide-induced reproductive toxicity.</p>

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Protective Role of Chitosan-TPP Encapsulated Quercetin Nanoparticles Against Ethion-mediated Testicular Dysfunction in Wistar Albino rats

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月25日

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  • Ranjith D,
  • M. Karikalan,
  • Madhav Nilakanth Mugale,
  • GK Sharma,
  • Madhu CL,
  • Sharmeen Ishteyaque,
  • Ajay Kumar,
  • Irungbam K,
  • Meeta Saxena,
  • Telang AG

摘要

This study evaluated whether quercetin nanoparticles can ameliorate ethion-induced testicular toxicity in Wistar albino rats and nanoparticle delivery improves efficacy over free quercetin. Chitosan–TPP encapsulated quercetin nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation and characterized by FTIR, DSC, TGA, and SEM, showing characteristic FTIR peaks at 3416.74 and 2924.20 cm − 1, a melting transition at 326.02 °C, a uniform single thermal event around 150–250 °C in TGA, and nanoscale rod-like, granular, and spherical morphologies. Forty-two rats were randomized into seven groups (n = 6): vehicle, quercetin, quercetin nanoparticles, ethion (7.2 mg/kg), ethion (3.6 mg/kg), ethion + quercetin (50 mg/kg), and ethion + quercetin nanoparticles (50 mg/kg) for 60 days. Ethion produced dose-dependent testicular toxicity, evidenced by reduced testicular enzymes (ACP, LDH, SDH, GGT), decreased antioxidant defenses (CAT, SOD, GPx, GST, GR), depletion of GSH, and increased oxidative stress indices (LPO, PCC, ROS). Reproductive impairment was reflected by decreased sperm motility, total count, viability, HOST-positive sperm, and intact acrosomes, with increased abnormal morphology. Ethion also reduced steroidogenic enzymes (3β-HSD, 17β-HSD) and reproductive hormones (FSH, LH, testosterone). Apoptosis was enhanced, with dose-dependent upregulation of caspase-3 and downregulation of Bcl2 at mRNA and protein levels and by immunostaining, corroborated by histopathological necrosis, spermatogonial depletion, vacuolation, apoptotic cells, and DNA fragmentation. Co-administration of quercetin mitigated these alterations, while quercetin nanoparticles produced significantly greater protection than free quercetin, likely via increased bioavailability, enhanced solubility, targeted delivery, and sustained release, supporting quercetin nanoparticles as a promising strategy against pesticide-induced reproductive toxicity.