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<p>Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has markedly improved the prognosis of individuals living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV); however, persistent challenges such as drug resistance, systemic toxicity, suboptimal pharmacokinetics, and limited penetration across the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) continue to hinder complete viral suppression, particularly within central nervous system reservoirs. These limitations necessitate the development of advanced drug delivery strategies capable of achieving targeted and sustained therapeutic effects. In this context, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have emerged as promising platforms to enhance the efficacy of antiretroviral agents. Among these, surface-tailored nanocarriers, especially ligand-functionalized systems, offer significant advantages by enabling receptor-specific targeting, improved BBB translocation, controlled drug release, and enhanced bioavailability. The research findings focusing on ligand-conjugated nanocarriers for brain-targeted delivery of antiretroviral drugs were collected from databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, using keywords including “ligands,” “HIV infection,” “conjugation,” “nanocarriers,” and “surface modification”. These studies were critically analyzed to compare ligand-conjugated and non-conjugated systems, highlighting their relative efficiency in enhancing targeted drug delivery. Building on this analysis, the review presents a comprehensive and critical evaluation of diverse nanocarrier platforms, including polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based systems, dendrimers, nanocomposites, and metallic nanoparticles, with a specific focus on surface modification strategies. Special emphasis is placed on ligand-mediated targeting approaches, their underlying mechanisms, and their comparative effectiveness in directing antiretroviral drugs to HIV reservoirs. In addition, this review highlights current advancements, key challenges, and translational limitations associated with surface-engineered nanocarriers, offering insights into their potential role in improving therapeutic outcomes. By integrating recent developments and identifying existing gaps, this work underscores the potential of ligand-based nanocarrier systems as a transformative approach toward more precise, efficient, and long-acting HIV management strategies.</p>

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Surface-Tailored Nanocarrier Drug Delivery Systems: Emerging Tools for HIV Management

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月16日

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  • Khushi Gupta,
  • Anupam Mukherjee,
  • Shobhit Kumar

摘要

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has markedly improved the prognosis of individuals living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV); however, persistent challenges such as drug resistance, systemic toxicity, suboptimal pharmacokinetics, and limited penetration across the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) continue to hinder complete viral suppression, particularly within central nervous system reservoirs. These limitations necessitate the development of advanced drug delivery strategies capable of achieving targeted and sustained therapeutic effects. In this context, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have emerged as promising platforms to enhance the efficacy of antiretroviral agents. Among these, surface-tailored nanocarriers, especially ligand-functionalized systems, offer significant advantages by enabling receptor-specific targeting, improved BBB translocation, controlled drug release, and enhanced bioavailability. The research findings focusing on ligand-conjugated nanocarriers for brain-targeted delivery of antiretroviral drugs were collected from databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, using keywords including “ligands,” “HIV infection,” “conjugation,” “nanocarriers,” and “surface modification”. These studies were critically analyzed to compare ligand-conjugated and non-conjugated systems, highlighting their relative efficiency in enhancing targeted drug delivery. Building on this analysis, the review presents a comprehensive and critical evaluation of diverse nanocarrier platforms, including polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based systems, dendrimers, nanocomposites, and metallic nanoparticles, with a specific focus on surface modification strategies. Special emphasis is placed on ligand-mediated targeting approaches, their underlying mechanisms, and their comparative effectiveness in directing antiretroviral drugs to HIV reservoirs. In addition, this review highlights current advancements, key challenges, and translational limitations associated with surface-engineered nanocarriers, offering insights into their potential role in improving therapeutic outcomes. By integrating recent developments and identifying existing gaps, this work underscores the potential of ligand-based nanocarrier systems as a transformative approach toward more precise, efficient, and long-acting HIV management strategies.