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<p>Green nanotechnology provides sustainable pathways for synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles with biomedical applications. Despite extensive research on zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using plant and algal extracts, physicochemical characterization along with systematic multi-mechanistic biological validation (using cyanobacteria especially) has not been investigated properly. The paper bridges this gap by using <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> (Spirulina) as a sustainable biofactory to produce ZnONPs, which further undergoes extensive structural, thermal, and morphological characterization as well as wide range of in vitro bioassays to develop a biocompatible nanoplatform. <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> extract was used to synthesize ZnONPs, which were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), zeta potential and Thermogravimetric Analysis/Differentiated Scanning Calorimetry (TGA/DSC). ZnONPs were crystalline and spherical (crystallite average size of 20&#xa0;nm and zeta potential of + 10.4 mV) with high thermal stability (upto 500℃). They exhibited strong antibacterial activity with maximum zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 30 ± 0.57&#xa0;mm against <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, and antifungal activity (3.12&#xa0;mm at 200&#xa0;µg/mL). They demonstrated significant inhibition of α-amylase with 88.14% with IC<sub>50</sub> (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) of 150&#xa0;µg/mL, protein kinase (18&#xa0;mm ZOI at 400&#xa0;µg/mL). They also exhibited strong antioxidant activity using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) with IC<sub>50</sub> of 209.2&#xa0;µg/mL as compared to TAC (Total Anti-oxidant Capacity) and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Anti-oxidant Power). Biocompatibility was verified by anti-inflammatory activity (80.79% inhibition, IC<sub>50</sub> = 157.5&#xa0;µg/mL) and cytotoxicity with LC<sub>50</sub> (Median Lethal Concentration) 581&#xa0;µg/mL and non-hemolytic upto 250&#xa0;µg/mL. The paper highlights the potential of <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> as a safe, eco-friendly and versatile nanomaterial platform to a variety of biomedical applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnONPs) from Arthrospira maxima with In-Vitro Bioactivity Evaluation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月13日

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  • Asma Ajmal,
  • Javed Abbas,
  • Amber Jabeen,
  • Sohaib Ahmed,
  • Zainab Naeem,
  • Sehar Fatima,
  • Maleha Khan,
  • Amjid Khan,
  • Abdul Samad Mumtaz

摘要

Green nanotechnology provides sustainable pathways for synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles with biomedical applications. Despite extensive research on zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using plant and algal extracts, physicochemical characterization along with systematic multi-mechanistic biological validation (using cyanobacteria especially) has not been investigated properly. The paper bridges this gap by using Arthrospira maxima (Spirulina) as a sustainable biofactory to produce ZnONPs, which further undergoes extensive structural, thermal, and morphological characterization as well as wide range of in vitro bioassays to develop a biocompatible nanoplatform. Arthrospira maxima extract was used to synthesize ZnONPs, which were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), zeta potential and Thermogravimetric Analysis/Differentiated Scanning Calorimetry (TGA/DSC). ZnONPs were crystalline and spherical (crystallite average size of 20 nm and zeta potential of + 10.4 mV) with high thermal stability (upto 500℃). They exhibited strong antibacterial activity with maximum zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 30 ± 0.57 mm against Klebsiella pneumoniae, and antifungal activity (3.12 mm at 200 µg/mL). They demonstrated significant inhibition of α-amylase with 88.14% with IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) of 150 µg/mL, protein kinase (18 mm ZOI at 400 µg/mL). They also exhibited strong antioxidant activity using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) with IC50 of 209.2 µg/mL as compared to TAC (Total Anti-oxidant Capacity) and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Anti-oxidant Power). Biocompatibility was verified by anti-inflammatory activity (80.79% inhibition, IC50 = 157.5 µg/mL) and cytotoxicity with LC50 (Median Lethal Concentration) 581 µg/mL and non-hemolytic upto 250 µg/mL. The paper highlights the potential of Arthrospira maxima as a safe, eco-friendly and versatile nanomaterial platform to a variety of biomedical applications.

Graphical Abstract