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<p>The development of multifunctional nanomaterials at the interface of biology and nanoscience has opened new routes toward bioinspired engineering. In this study, Cu-Ag bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized via a facile co-precipitation approach, and the effect of precursor ratio on their structural, plasmonic, and antibacterial characteristics was systematically investigated. UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed a dominant surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 413&#xa0;nm associated with silver domains, while the absence of a copper-related plasmonic signal indicated partial oxidation to CuO, as confirmed by XRD. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis showed spherical nanoparticles with a uniform distribution. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis was performed to determine the precise nanoparticle size, revealing an average diameter of 27&#xa0;nm. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra confirmed the coexistence of metal oxygen (M-O) vibrations, evidencing interfacial coupling between metallic and semiconducting domains. The antibacterial activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> exhibited a clear composition dependent trend, with an optimal Ag: Cu precursor ratio of 1.28 (sample S8) showing the strongest antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 110&#xa0;µg/mL against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and 480&#xa0;µg/mL against <i>Staphylococcus aureus.</i> The reported antibacterial values represent MIC ranges determined using broth microdilution assays performed in independent biological repeats. Overall, this study establishes a direct correlation between precursor composition, interfacial structure, and antibacterial performance in Cu–Ag nanoparticles, highlighting compositional engineering as a key parameter for optimizing bimetallic antibacterial nanomaterials while avoiding overinterpretation of mechanistic or clinical implications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Interface-Driven Functional Modulation in Cu-Ag Bimetallic Nanoparticles: Linking Structural, Plasmonic, and Antibacterial Mechanisms for Bio-Nano Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月1日

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  • Noor Al-Huda Al-Aaraji,
  • Faten D. Mirjan,
  • Ali Abbasi,
  • Danya Awni Kamal,
  • Akram Rostaminia,
  • Elahe Seyed Hosseini,
  • Shaymaa Awad Kadhim,
  • Masoomeh Sadat Fini,
  • Kamran Heydaryan

摘要

The development of multifunctional nanomaterials at the interface of biology and nanoscience has opened new routes toward bioinspired engineering. In this study, Cu-Ag bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized via a facile co-precipitation approach, and the effect of precursor ratio on their structural, plasmonic, and antibacterial characteristics was systematically investigated. UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed a dominant surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 413 nm associated with silver domains, while the absence of a copper-related plasmonic signal indicated partial oxidation to CuO, as confirmed by XRD. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis showed spherical nanoparticles with a uniform distribution. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis was performed to determine the precise nanoparticle size, revealing an average diameter of 27 nm. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra confirmed the coexistence of metal oxygen (M-O) vibrations, evidencing interfacial coupling between metallic and semiconducting domains. The antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus exhibited a clear composition dependent trend, with an optimal Ag: Cu precursor ratio of 1.28 (sample S8) showing the strongest antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 110 µg/mL against Escherichia coli and 480 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus. The reported antibacterial values represent MIC ranges determined using broth microdilution assays performed in independent biological repeats. Overall, this study establishes a direct correlation between precursor composition, interfacial structure, and antibacterial performance in Cu–Ag nanoparticles, highlighting compositional engineering as a key parameter for optimizing bimetallic antibacterial nanomaterials while avoiding overinterpretation of mechanistic or clinical implications.

Graphical Abstract