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<p>This study investigates the effectiveness of biogenic iron oxide nanoparticles (BIO-IONPs) using <i>Cichorium intybus</i> for transdermal and intravenous delivery as an innovative strategy to combat iron deficiency anemia (IDA). This study evaluates the safety profile, pharmacokinetic study and therapeutic efficacy of BIO-IONPs in a phenylhydrazine-induced anemia model, with direct comparison with conventional oral iron therapy. In vitro biocompatibility testing confirmed that BIO-IONPs are non-toxic to normal cells, further supporting their suitability for clinical use. Additionally, histopathological analysis confirmed its strong safety profile. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated a significant improvement (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) in iron bioavailability and prolonged half-life, effectively bypassing first-pass metabolism to enhance iron absorption and retention for prolonged therapeutic effects of BIO-IONPs through both pathways. The efficacy study indicated that, in BIO-IONPs groups, hematological and biochemical parameters returned to normal values, and the histopathological structures of liver, spleen, and kidney remained normal. This proves that BIO-IONPs increase iron bioavailability. In conclusion, BIO-IONPs demonstrate superiority as a therapeutic regimen for the treatment of IDA compared to conventional iron therapy. These results demonstrate that transdermally and IV administered BIO-IONPs represent a highly promising alternative to conventional oral iron-based therapies, providing improved safety, increased efficacy, and long-lasting therapeutic benefits for people with IDA.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Biogenic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles using Cichorium Intybus as an Alternative to Oral Iron Therapy: Biocompatibility and Therapeutic Evaluation via Intravenous and Transdermal Routes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月31日

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  • Rashna Mirza,
  • Aqeedat Javed,
  • Mohsin Fawad,
  • Asim ur Rehman,
  • Atif Ullah Khan,
  • Salman Khan,
  • Kifayat Ullah Shah

摘要

This study investigates the effectiveness of biogenic iron oxide nanoparticles (BIO-IONPs) using Cichorium intybus for transdermal and intravenous delivery as an innovative strategy to combat iron deficiency anemia (IDA). This study evaluates the safety profile, pharmacokinetic study and therapeutic efficacy of BIO-IONPs in a phenylhydrazine-induced anemia model, with direct comparison with conventional oral iron therapy. In vitro biocompatibility testing confirmed that BIO-IONPs are non-toxic to normal cells, further supporting their suitability for clinical use. Additionally, histopathological analysis confirmed its strong safety profile. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated a significant improvement (p < 0.001) in iron bioavailability and prolonged half-life, effectively bypassing first-pass metabolism to enhance iron absorption and retention for prolonged therapeutic effects of BIO-IONPs through both pathways. The efficacy study indicated that, in BIO-IONPs groups, hematological and biochemical parameters returned to normal values, and the histopathological structures of liver, spleen, and kidney remained normal. This proves that BIO-IONPs increase iron bioavailability. In conclusion, BIO-IONPs demonstrate superiority as a therapeutic regimen for the treatment of IDA compared to conventional iron therapy. These results demonstrate that transdermally and IV administered BIO-IONPs represent a highly promising alternative to conventional oral iron-based therapies, providing improved safety, increased efficacy, and long-lasting therapeutic benefits for people with IDA.

Graphical Abstract