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<p>Multidrug-resistance in bacteria derived from antibiotic overuse and genetic adaptations, pose a critical threat to global health, necessitating urgent innovative therapeutic strategies. The study assessed the antibacterial action of tea tree oil (TO) and it's Nano-emulsion (TONE) against Multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB). TEM imaging demonstrated that TONE particles display a well-defined spherical shape, averaging 106 nm in diameter The DLS analysis showed that the principal peak, centered at about 100 nm with polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.43. Zeta potential analysis shows a strong peak at +40.6 mV and two subsidiary peaks at +20.7 and +5.25 mV. The antibacterial testing demonstrated that both TO and TONE possessed broad-spectrum action. Comparatively, TONE proved most effective, especially versus the reference <i>S. aureus</i> ATCC 25923 strain, with MICs spanning 250 to 1000 mg/mL. Antibiofilm activity was evaluated at MIC, 1/2 MIC, and 1/4 MIC using crystal violet assay, live/dead staining, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) visualization; the results demonstrated TONE's potent, concentration-dependent inhibition of biofilm formation with great effect against <i>P. aeruginosa</i> amonge the tested bacteria. Gas chromatography-Mass spectroscopy analysis (GC-MS) analysis of TO revealed 18 compounds, with α-terpinyl formate as the predominant constituent at 41.25% of the total oil composition. Cytotoxicity of TONE was assessed against Vero and HFB4 normal cell lines, it seems dose dependent effect with IC50 of 406 and 296.6 µg/ml, respectively. Collectively, these findings highlight the promise of TO and TONE as eco-friendly, bio-derived antimicrobials for combating multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB).The study assessed the antibacterial action of tea tree oil (TO), and it’s Nano-emulsion (TONE) against multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB). The TEM showed that the TONE was mostly spherical. The DLS distribution showed that the principal peak, centered at about 100&#xa0;nm, a strong peak at + 40.6 mV, and two subsidiary peaks at 20.7 and 5.25 mV characterize the zeta potential distribution, with an average zeta potential value of 37.9 mV. The findings demonstrated that while both TO and TONE possessed broad-spectrum antimicrobial qualities, TONE was the most effective, especially when it came to the reference strain <i>S. aureus</i> ATCC 25,923. The range of TONE’s MIC values was 250&#xa0;µg/ml to 1000&#xa0;µg/ml. The findings showed that TONE dramatically and concentration-dependently decreased the formation of biofilms. With TONE at the MIC, 1/2 MIC, and 41.25% α-terpinyl formate as the main constituents, the greatest inhibition was seen against <i>P. aeruginosa</i>. For Vero cells, TONE seems IC50 around 406&#xa0;µg/ml. HFB4 cells IC50 is a bit lower, around 296&#xa0;µg/ml. Overall, these results demonstrate the potential of TO and TONE as bio-based antimicrobial agents with promising uses in environmentally friendly MDRB defense tactics.</p>

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Improved Antimicrobial Activity of Nano-emulsified Tea Tree Oil Against Multi-Drug-Resistant Pathogens

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月23日

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  • Mohamed H. Sharaf,
  • Amira J. Alluqmani,
  • Amer M. Abdelaziz,
  • Mohamed H. Kalaba

摘要

Multidrug-resistance in bacteria derived from antibiotic overuse and genetic adaptations, pose a critical threat to global health, necessitating urgent innovative therapeutic strategies. The study assessed the antibacterial action of tea tree oil (TO) and it's Nano-emulsion (TONE) against Multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB). TEM imaging demonstrated that TONE particles display a well-defined spherical shape, averaging 106 nm in diameter The DLS analysis showed that the principal peak, centered at about 100 nm with polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.43. Zeta potential analysis shows a strong peak at +40.6 mV and two subsidiary peaks at +20.7 and +5.25 mV. The antibacterial testing demonstrated that both TO and TONE possessed broad-spectrum action. Comparatively, TONE proved most effective, especially versus the reference S. aureus ATCC 25923 strain, with MICs spanning 250 to 1000 mg/mL. Antibiofilm activity was evaluated at MIC, 1/2 MIC, and 1/4 MIC using crystal violet assay, live/dead staining, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) visualization; the results demonstrated TONE's potent, concentration-dependent inhibition of biofilm formation with great effect against P. aeruginosa amonge the tested bacteria. Gas chromatography-Mass spectroscopy analysis (GC-MS) analysis of TO revealed 18 compounds, with α-terpinyl formate as the predominant constituent at 41.25% of the total oil composition. Cytotoxicity of TONE was assessed against Vero and HFB4 normal cell lines, it seems dose dependent effect with IC50 of 406 and 296.6 µg/ml, respectively. Collectively, these findings highlight the promise of TO and TONE as eco-friendly, bio-derived antimicrobials for combating multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB).The study assessed the antibacterial action of tea tree oil (TO), and it’s Nano-emulsion (TONE) against multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB). The TEM showed that the TONE was mostly spherical. The DLS distribution showed that the principal peak, centered at about 100 nm, a strong peak at + 40.6 mV, and two subsidiary peaks at 20.7 and 5.25 mV characterize the zeta potential distribution, with an average zeta potential value of 37.9 mV. The findings demonstrated that while both TO and TONE possessed broad-spectrum antimicrobial qualities, TONE was the most effective, especially when it came to the reference strain S. aureus ATCC 25,923. The range of TONE’s MIC values was 250 µg/ml to 1000 µg/ml. The findings showed that TONE dramatically and concentration-dependently decreased the formation of biofilms. With TONE at the MIC, 1/2 MIC, and 41.25% α-terpinyl formate as the main constituents, the greatest inhibition was seen against P. aeruginosa. For Vero cells, TONE seems IC50 around 406 µg/ml. HFB4 cells IC50 is a bit lower, around 296 µg/ml. Overall, these results demonstrate the potential of TO and TONE as bio-based antimicrobial agents with promising uses in environmentally friendly MDRB defense tactics.