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<p>Malaria remains a major global health challenge, with around 263&#xa0;million cases and 597,000 deaths reported in 2023, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Traditional control methods like insecticidal nets and indoor spraying have reduced transmission, but their efficacy is threatened by widespread insecticide resistance. Botanical insecticides, especially essential oils (EOs), offer promising alternatives due to their multimodal actions and biodegradability. However, EOs’ high volatility, poor water solubility, and rapid degradation limit their practical use. To overcome these issues, nanotechnology-based formulations have been developed to enhance EO stability and efficacy. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the efficacy of EO-based nanoformulations against <i>Anopheles</i> larvae across 50 peer-reviewed studies. Results show that nano-formulated EOs consistently achieve lower lethal concentrations (LC₅₀ values often in the &lt; 30&#xa0;µg/mL range) than bulk oil counterparts, with a pooled LC₅₀ of approximately 25&#xa0;µg/mL (95% confidence interval ~ 15–40&#xa0;µg/mL). Mechanistically, EO nanoformulations target multiple mosquito physiological pathways, potentially slowing the development of resistance. These advances suggest EO-based nanoformulations could be valuable tools in Integrated Vector Management (IVM), either as stand-alone larvicides or in combination with conventional insecticides.</p>

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Essential Oil-Based Nanoformulations for Malaria Vector Control: Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Integration into Integrated Vector Management

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月5日

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  • Dickson Achimugu Musa,
  • Mohammed Olumide Raji,
  • Benjamin Nma Yisa,
  • Kolawole Harun Aremu,
  • Sadia Nusrat Sharna,
  • Olayemi Stephen Bakare,
  • Eleazer Abashe Isuwa,
  • Ebere Martha Okoro,
  • Spencer Chibueze Asogwa

摘要

Malaria remains a major global health challenge, with around 263 million cases and 597,000 deaths reported in 2023, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Traditional control methods like insecticidal nets and indoor spraying have reduced transmission, but their efficacy is threatened by widespread insecticide resistance. Botanical insecticides, especially essential oils (EOs), offer promising alternatives due to their multimodal actions and biodegradability. However, EOs’ high volatility, poor water solubility, and rapid degradation limit their practical use. To overcome these issues, nanotechnology-based formulations have been developed to enhance EO stability and efficacy. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the efficacy of EO-based nanoformulations against Anopheles larvae across 50 peer-reviewed studies. Results show that nano-formulated EOs consistently achieve lower lethal concentrations (LC₅₀ values often in the < 30 µg/mL range) than bulk oil counterparts, with a pooled LC₅₀ of approximately 25 µg/mL (95% confidence interval ~ 15–40 µg/mL). Mechanistically, EO nanoformulations target multiple mosquito physiological pathways, potentially slowing the development of resistance. These advances suggest EO-based nanoformulations could be valuable tools in Integrated Vector Management (IVM), either as stand-alone larvicides or in combination with conventional insecticides.