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<p>Amphotericin B (Amp B) is a highly effective antifungal drug, but its use is limited by poor solubility and severe toxicity. This study introduces a sustainable and enzyme-based approach to develop cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) carriers from vetiver distillation waste, transforming agro-biomass into value-added biomedical materials. CNCs were synthesised using two enzymes - Pectinase (NC-P) and Viscozyme (NC-V) and evaluated as eco-friendly nanocarriers for topical Amp B delivery. The optimised CNC-to-drug ratio (10:1) achieved high encapsulation efficiencies of 87.12% (NC-V) and 79.55% (NC-P) with stable dispersion. Distinct enzyme-dependent structures, confirmed by FTIR, SEM, DLS, and XRD, influenced drug binding and release behavior. NC-P followed a zero-order, diffusion-controlled release, while NC-V showed anomalous diffusion governed by swelling and matrix relaxation. Both formulations displayed low cytotoxicity and hemolysis, confirming biocompatibility, and enhanced antifungal activity against <i>Candida albicans</i> compared to free Amp B. Despite higher MIC values, the nanoformulations maintained strong efficacy at lower actual drug doses, demonstrating efficient and sustained delivery. Overall, this work highlights green enzyme-derived CNCs from plant waste as a renewable platform for controlled topical antifungal therapy and a step toward sustainable nanomedicine.</p> Graphical Abstract <p> The graphical abstract illustrates a proposed model of drug association with CNCs based on physicochemical and kinetic data. Actual internalisation or structural encapsulation has not been directly visualized.</p> <p></p>

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Enzyme Synthesized Cellulose Nanocrystals for Efficient Amphotericin-B Delivery to Candida albicans: A Comparative Study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月16日

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  • Richa Seth,
  • Abha Meena,
  • Suaib Luqman,
  • Ramavatar Meena

摘要

Amphotericin B (Amp B) is a highly effective antifungal drug, but its use is limited by poor solubility and severe toxicity. This study introduces a sustainable and enzyme-based approach to develop cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) carriers from vetiver distillation waste, transforming agro-biomass into value-added biomedical materials. CNCs were synthesised using two enzymes - Pectinase (NC-P) and Viscozyme (NC-V) and evaluated as eco-friendly nanocarriers for topical Amp B delivery. The optimised CNC-to-drug ratio (10:1) achieved high encapsulation efficiencies of 87.12% (NC-V) and 79.55% (NC-P) with stable dispersion. Distinct enzyme-dependent structures, confirmed by FTIR, SEM, DLS, and XRD, influenced drug binding and release behavior. NC-P followed a zero-order, diffusion-controlled release, while NC-V showed anomalous diffusion governed by swelling and matrix relaxation. Both formulations displayed low cytotoxicity and hemolysis, confirming biocompatibility, and enhanced antifungal activity against Candida albicans compared to free Amp B. Despite higher MIC values, the nanoformulations maintained strong efficacy at lower actual drug doses, demonstrating efficient and sustained delivery. Overall, this work highlights green enzyme-derived CNCs from plant waste as a renewable platform for controlled topical antifungal therapy and a step toward sustainable nanomedicine.

Graphical Abstract

The graphical abstract illustrates a proposed model of drug association with CNCs based on physicochemical and kinetic data. Actual internalisation or structural encapsulation has not been directly visualized.