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<p>Burn wounds are clinically challenging due to delayed healing, tissue necrosis, and high infection risk. Silver sulfadiazine (SSD) remains the gold standard for burn management, yet its cytotoxicity and delayed epithelialization necessitate safer alternatives. This study evaluated the efficacy and systemic safety of a propolis-fortified ZnO/Ag nanocomposite ointment in a rat thermal burn model, compared directly with SSD. ZnO/Ag nanocomposites were synthesized and incorporated into ointment bases at concentrations of 0.7% (NP0.7) and 1.4% (NP1.4). Male Wistar rats with standardized second-degree burns were treated daily with Eucerin, SSD, NP0.7, or NP1.4 ointments. Wound contraction, histopathology (H&amp;E, Masson’s trichrome, and Toluidine blue), mast-cell counts, hematology, serum biochemistry, and antibacterial activity were assessed up to day 15. NP-treated wounds healed faster than SSD and control, with NP1.4 showing earlier re-epithelialization, organized collagen, and regeneration of skin appendages. Mast-cell counts were markedly reduced in NP1.4, indicating faster inflammatory resolution rather than mast-cell–driven activation. Hematology showed reduced neutrophils, increased lymphocytes, and stable platelets in NP1.4, consistent with a transition toward inflammation resolution, whereas NP0.7 showed higher WBC counts indicating a more active inflammatory phase. Serum biochemistry demonstrated significantly lower hepatic and renal stress markers in NP-treated groups, confirming systemic safety. Antibacterial assays showed strong inhibition of <i>E. coli</i> and <i>S. aureus</i>, most pronounced in NP1.4. A propolis-fortified ZnO/Ag ointment, especially at 1.4%, accelerated burn healing, enhanced collagen remodeling, supported balanced immune resolution, and provided strong antibacterial protection without systemic toxicity. As one of the first dose-standardized ZnO/Ag–propolis ointments tested against SSD in a controlled burn model, it shows strong potential as a superior alternative for clinical burn care.</p>

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Burn Wound Healing Potential of Propolis-Fortified ZnO/Ag Nanocomposite Ointment in Rats: a Comparative Study with Silver Sulfadiazine

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月16日

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  • Sanaz Alioghli,
  • Abolfazl Bayrami,
  • Shima Rahim Pouran,
  • Saeideh Aran

摘要

Burn wounds are clinically challenging due to delayed healing, tissue necrosis, and high infection risk. Silver sulfadiazine (SSD) remains the gold standard for burn management, yet its cytotoxicity and delayed epithelialization necessitate safer alternatives. This study evaluated the efficacy and systemic safety of a propolis-fortified ZnO/Ag nanocomposite ointment in a rat thermal burn model, compared directly with SSD. ZnO/Ag nanocomposites were synthesized and incorporated into ointment bases at concentrations of 0.7% (NP0.7) and 1.4% (NP1.4). Male Wistar rats with standardized second-degree burns were treated daily with Eucerin, SSD, NP0.7, or NP1.4 ointments. Wound contraction, histopathology (H&E, Masson’s trichrome, and Toluidine blue), mast-cell counts, hematology, serum biochemistry, and antibacterial activity were assessed up to day 15. NP-treated wounds healed faster than SSD and control, with NP1.4 showing earlier re-epithelialization, organized collagen, and regeneration of skin appendages. Mast-cell counts were markedly reduced in NP1.4, indicating faster inflammatory resolution rather than mast-cell–driven activation. Hematology showed reduced neutrophils, increased lymphocytes, and stable platelets in NP1.4, consistent with a transition toward inflammation resolution, whereas NP0.7 showed higher WBC counts indicating a more active inflammatory phase. Serum biochemistry demonstrated significantly lower hepatic and renal stress markers in NP-treated groups, confirming systemic safety. Antibacterial assays showed strong inhibition of E. coli and S. aureus, most pronounced in NP1.4. A propolis-fortified ZnO/Ag ointment, especially at 1.4%, accelerated burn healing, enhanced collagen remodeling, supported balanced immune resolution, and provided strong antibacterial protection without systemic toxicity. As one of the first dose-standardized ZnO/Ag–propolis ointments tested against SSD in a controlled burn model, it shows strong potential as a superior alternative for clinical burn care.