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<p>Developing improved antifungal drug delivery methods has been spurred by the significant clinical mortality and financial burden associated with invasive fungal infections (IFIs), coupled with the increasing prevalence of fungal drug resistance. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as a promising avenue for drug delivery due to their remarkable functionalization capacity. In this study, glycine-functionalized oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Gly-OMC) were synthesized and employed as biocompatible delivery systems for the antifungal drugs, i.e., amphotericin B and fluconazole. Chemical oxidation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was conducted using sulfuric acid (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) and nitric acid (HNO<sub>3</sub>) to yield oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (OMC). Subsequently, these OMCs were functionalized with glycine to produce Gly-OMC. Characterization techniques, including thermogravimetric analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and scanning electron microscopy, confirmed the successful synthesis and drug loading of Gly-OMC. Cytotoxicity analysis demonstrated the non-cytotoxic nature of the Gly-OMC carrier and drug conjugates. Biocompatibility evaluation against NIH/3T3 cells confirmed the biocompatibility of Gly-OMC. Moreover, AFM and SEM micrographs of treated fungal cells provided evidence of increased antifungal activity against <i>Aspergillus niger</i> and <i>Candida albicans</i>. Overall, the findings suggest that Gly-OMC holds potential as a promising nanocarrier for antifungal drug delivery, offering promising solutions to the challenges posed by drug-resistant fungi and IFIs.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Design of Glycine-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes as Biocompatible Nanocarriers for Efficient Delivery of Antifungal Agents

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月16日

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  • Jasra Gul,
  • Maria Khalid,
  • Samina Perveen,
  • Asia Naz Awan,
  • Muhammad Raza Shah

摘要

Developing improved antifungal drug delivery methods has been spurred by the significant clinical mortality and financial burden associated with invasive fungal infections (IFIs), coupled with the increasing prevalence of fungal drug resistance. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as a promising avenue for drug delivery due to their remarkable functionalization capacity. In this study, glycine-functionalized oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Gly-OMC) were synthesized and employed as biocompatible delivery systems for the antifungal drugs, i.e., amphotericin B and fluconazole. Chemical oxidation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was conducted using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3) to yield oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (OMC). Subsequently, these OMCs were functionalized with glycine to produce Gly-OMC. Characterization techniques, including thermogravimetric analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and scanning electron microscopy, confirmed the successful synthesis and drug loading of Gly-OMC. Cytotoxicity analysis demonstrated the non-cytotoxic nature of the Gly-OMC carrier and drug conjugates. Biocompatibility evaluation against NIH/3T3 cells confirmed the biocompatibility of Gly-OMC. Moreover, AFM and SEM micrographs of treated fungal cells provided evidence of increased antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Overall, the findings suggest that Gly-OMC holds potential as a promising nanocarrier for antifungal drug delivery, offering promising solutions to the challenges posed by drug-resistant fungi and IFIs.

Graphical Abstract