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<p>The increasing demand for sustainable alternatives to synthetic pesticides has driven research into natural biocides such as essential oils. Among these, plant-derived products such as cinnamon essential oil (CEO), which is rich in cinnamaldehyde, emerged as promising candidates due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. However, its use is limited by its volatility and poor water solubility, issues that can be mitigated by encapsulating the oil. Therefore, it is necessary to identify possible toxicological effects of encapsulated CEO. In this study, CEO was encapsulated within zein nanoparticles (Z-CEOs) via an ultrasound-assisted nanoprecipitation technique, characterized, and its toxicity was verified according to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) standards. The Z-CEO was characterized in terms of structure and particle size distribution. Particles presented spherical morphology, submicrometric size, and surfactant surrounding. The in vivo safety of Z-CEO was assessed in adult zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) through locomotion and behavioral analysis. Also, lipid peroxidation was measured using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. Zebrafish exposed for 96&#xa0;h to a concentration range of Z-CEO (0.001–1&#xa0;mg/L) showed no changes in locomotor activity, exploratory behavior, or brain oxidative status compared to the control group. These findings suggest that nanoencapsulation of CEO in zein results in a stable and biocompatible system with potential application in environmentally safe agricultural formulations.</p>

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Nanoencapsulation of Cinnamon Essential Oil in Zein: Investigation of its Safety in Adult Zebrafish

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月16日

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  • Ana Carolina Felipe da Silva,
  • José Marcelo Honório Ferreira Barros,
  • Antony Luiz Valentim Chamberlain,
  • Julia Rosa Loch Pimentel,
  • Marciel João Stadnik,
  • Liz Girardi Müller,
  • Cristiane da Costa,
  • Anna Maria Siebel

摘要

The increasing demand for sustainable alternatives to synthetic pesticides has driven research into natural biocides such as essential oils. Among these, plant-derived products such as cinnamon essential oil (CEO), which is rich in cinnamaldehyde, emerged as promising candidates due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. However, its use is limited by its volatility and poor water solubility, issues that can be mitigated by encapsulating the oil. Therefore, it is necessary to identify possible toxicological effects of encapsulated CEO. In this study, CEO was encapsulated within zein nanoparticles (Z-CEOs) via an ultrasound-assisted nanoprecipitation technique, characterized, and its toxicity was verified according to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) standards. The Z-CEO was characterized in terms of structure and particle size distribution. Particles presented spherical morphology, submicrometric size, and surfactant surrounding. The in vivo safety of Z-CEO was assessed in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) through locomotion and behavioral analysis. Also, lipid peroxidation was measured using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. Zebrafish exposed for 96 h to a concentration range of Z-CEO (0.001–1 mg/L) showed no changes in locomotor activity, exploratory behavior, or brain oxidative status compared to the control group. These findings suggest that nanoencapsulation of CEO in zein results in a stable and biocompatible system with potential application in environmentally safe agricultural formulations.