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<p>A turn-on fluorescent sensing platform was developed using bovine serum albumin capped silver nanoclusters (BSA@AgNCs) quenched by graphene oxide (GO) to detect 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), an important urinary biomarker for carcinoid tumors. UV-Vis absorption spectra confirmed strong electronic interactions between BSA@AgNCs and GO, evidenced by spectral overlap enabling Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) and absorption changes indicative of charge transfer and inner filter effect (IFE). The addition of 5-HIAA restored fluorescence by disrupting BSA@AgNCs/GO interactions, likely through hydrogen bonding or π-π stacking with GO’s oxygen containing groups. A linear correlation with an R<sup>2</sup> = 0.99 was observed between fluorescence intensity and 5-HIAA concentrations from the lowest tested non-zero concentration up to 364 µM, with a detection limit of 0.59 µM. The probe exhibited excellent selectivity for 5-HIAA over common biomolecules and ions. Its practical applicability was demonstrated in real samples, showing high recovery rates in urine (93.7–99.9%) and saliva (96.6–104.0%), confirming accuracy and minimal matrix interference. The use of noninvasive biological fluids, coupled with high sensitivity and operational simplicity highlights the potential of BSA@AgNCs/GO platform as a practical tool for the detection of 5-HIAA in carcinoid screening.</p>

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Graphene Oxide Quenched Silver Nanoclusters as a Turn-On Fluorescent Probe for the Noninvasive Detection of 5-HIAA in Cancer Diagnostics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月16日

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  • Geneva Indongo,
  • Merin K. Abraham,
  • Greeshma Rajeevan,
  • Arathy B. Kala,
  • Dheyaa Mohammed Dhahir,
  • Sony George

摘要

A turn-on fluorescent sensing platform was developed using bovine serum albumin capped silver nanoclusters (BSA@AgNCs) quenched by graphene oxide (GO) to detect 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), an important urinary biomarker for carcinoid tumors. UV-Vis absorption spectra confirmed strong electronic interactions between BSA@AgNCs and GO, evidenced by spectral overlap enabling Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) and absorption changes indicative of charge transfer and inner filter effect (IFE). The addition of 5-HIAA restored fluorescence by disrupting BSA@AgNCs/GO interactions, likely through hydrogen bonding or π-π stacking with GO’s oxygen containing groups. A linear correlation with an R2 = 0.99 was observed between fluorescence intensity and 5-HIAA concentrations from the lowest tested non-zero concentration up to 364 µM, with a detection limit of 0.59 µM. The probe exhibited excellent selectivity for 5-HIAA over common biomolecules and ions. Its practical applicability was demonstrated in real samples, showing high recovery rates in urine (93.7–99.9%) and saliva (96.6–104.0%), confirming accuracy and minimal matrix interference. The use of noninvasive biological fluids, coupled with high sensitivity and operational simplicity highlights the potential of BSA@AgNCs/GO platform as a practical tool for the detection of 5-HIAA in carcinoid screening.