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<p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prevalent condition characterized by joint inflammation and debilitation. Rheumatoid arthritis affected approximately 18&#xa0;million individuals worldwide as of 2019, with women constituting approximately 70% of those affected. Despite the array of available treatment modalities, the pursuit of safer and more effective alternatives persists. Quercetin, a compound known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has become a promising therapy for RA. However, the clinical application of quercetin encounters solubility and bioavailability challenges, which can be effectively addressed by the strategic use of nanoemulgel formulations. This study aimed to develop a quercetin-loaded nanoemulsion incorporating peppermint oil for the topical treatment of RA. We prepared a quercetin nanoemulsion via a spontaneous emulsification technique. We optimized the formulation by using a pseudoternary phase diagram and the Box‒Behnken design (BBD) feature of Design Expert Software. We incorporated the optimized composition of the nanoemulsion into a Carbopol-940 gel matrix, resulting in the desired quercetin nanoemulsion. Peppermint oil improved drug penetration across the skin. The optimized formulation had a droplet size of 155.7&#xa0;nm with a PDI of 0.212, ensuring nanoscale dispersion. The drug content, as determined through UV spectroscopy, was 99.65 ± 2.34%. The HAT-CAM assay revealed that the developed preparation was nonirritant and demonstrated anti-inflammatory efficacy comparable to that of diclofenac sodium solution. Thus, the developed preparation offers promising potential for enhanced therapeutic effectiveness in rheumatoid arthritis.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Formulation and Evaluation of a Quercetin-loaded Nanoemulgel for Targeted Topical Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月16日

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  • Zarnain Fatima,
  • Afeefa Noor,
  • Pankaj Bhatt,
  • Vandana Arora Sethi,
  • Chitra Gupta

摘要

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prevalent condition characterized by joint inflammation and debilitation. Rheumatoid arthritis affected approximately 18 million individuals worldwide as of 2019, with women constituting approximately 70% of those affected. Despite the array of available treatment modalities, the pursuit of safer and more effective alternatives persists. Quercetin, a compound known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has become a promising therapy for RA. However, the clinical application of quercetin encounters solubility and bioavailability challenges, which can be effectively addressed by the strategic use of nanoemulgel formulations. This study aimed to develop a quercetin-loaded nanoemulsion incorporating peppermint oil for the topical treatment of RA. We prepared a quercetin nanoemulsion via a spontaneous emulsification technique. We optimized the formulation by using a pseudoternary phase diagram and the Box‒Behnken design (BBD) feature of Design Expert Software. We incorporated the optimized composition of the nanoemulsion into a Carbopol-940 gel matrix, resulting in the desired quercetin nanoemulsion. Peppermint oil improved drug penetration across the skin. The optimized formulation had a droplet size of 155.7 nm with a PDI of 0.212, ensuring nanoscale dispersion. The drug content, as determined through UV spectroscopy, was 99.65 ± 2.34%. The HAT-CAM assay revealed that the developed preparation was nonirritant and demonstrated anti-inflammatory efficacy comparable to that of diclofenac sodium solution. Thus, the developed preparation offers promising potential for enhanced therapeutic effectiveness in rheumatoid arthritis.

Graphical Abstract