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<p>White spots are a common side effect of fixed orthodontic treatment due to the limitations of mechanical cleaning with fixed appliances. This in vitro study aimed to develop and characterize orthodontic archwires coated with silver/chitosan (Ag-Cs) nanoparticles (NPs) to enhance their antibacterial properties and mechanical performance. To prepare coated nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwires, a colloidal solution of Ag-Cs NPs was synthesized and characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential measurements. The surface modification of the archwires was achieved by immersing them in the nanoparticle solution. The presence of NPs on the archwires was confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Friction between the coated wires and brackets was evaluated, and the antibacterial potential against Streptococcus mutans was assessed by colony-forming unit (CFU) counts and biofilm formation. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of Ag-Cs NPs was evaluated using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism version 9. The results showed that the mean frictional resistance of Ag-Cs-coated archwires (0.4 ± 0.08 N) was significantly lower than that of uncoated controls (0.7 ± 0.09 N) (p &lt; 0.05), representing a reduction of approximately&#xa0;43%. Furthermore, the antibacterial efficacy was quantified by colony counting, which revealed a dramatic reduction in&#xa0;Streptococcus mutans colonies. The Ag-Cs coating reduced bacterial counts from (6.2 ± 1.3) × 10<sup>8</sup>&#xa0;CFU/mL (control) to (1 ± 0.3) × 10<sup>2</sup>&#xa0;CFU/mL. The Ag-only coating also showed significant activity, reducing counts to (2.1 ± 0.4) × 10<sup>4</sup>&#xa0;CFU/mL, highlighting the enhanced effect of the chitosan composite. Importantly, these effects were achieved without any significant cytotoxic effects on human gingival fibroblasts (hGF) compared to cells cultured in growth medium alone (untreated control). In conclusion, orthodontic archwires coated with Ag-Cs NPs show promise as a material for reducing orthodontic side effects and improving treatment outcomes.</p>

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Effect of Chitosan/Silver Nanoparticle Coating on Antibacterial and Frictional Resistance of Orthodontic Wires: An In-vitro Study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月16日

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  • Faezeh Azmoudeh,
  • Omid Taherkhani,
  • Omid Hosseini,
  • Susan Khanjani,
  • Niloofar Nazeri

摘要

White spots are a common side effect of fixed orthodontic treatment due to the limitations of mechanical cleaning with fixed appliances. This in vitro study aimed to develop and characterize orthodontic archwires coated with silver/chitosan (Ag-Cs) nanoparticles (NPs) to enhance their antibacterial properties and mechanical performance. To prepare coated nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwires, a colloidal solution of Ag-Cs NPs was synthesized and characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential measurements. The surface modification of the archwires was achieved by immersing them in the nanoparticle solution. The presence of NPs on the archwires was confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Friction between the coated wires and brackets was evaluated, and the antibacterial potential against Streptococcus mutans was assessed by colony-forming unit (CFU) counts and biofilm formation. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of Ag-Cs NPs was evaluated using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism version 9. The results showed that the mean frictional resistance of Ag-Cs-coated archwires (0.4 ± 0.08 N) was significantly lower than that of uncoated controls (0.7 ± 0.09 N) (p < 0.05), representing a reduction of approximately 43%. Furthermore, the antibacterial efficacy was quantified by colony counting, which revealed a dramatic reduction in Streptococcus mutans colonies. The Ag-Cs coating reduced bacterial counts from (6.2 ± 1.3) × 108 CFU/mL (control) to (1 ± 0.3) × 102 CFU/mL. The Ag-only coating also showed significant activity, reducing counts to (2.1 ± 0.4) × 104 CFU/mL, highlighting the enhanced effect of the chitosan composite. Importantly, these effects were achieved without any significant cytotoxic effects on human gingival fibroblasts (hGF) compared to cells cultured in growth medium alone (untreated control). In conclusion, orthodontic archwires coated with Ag-Cs NPs show promise as a material for reducing orthodontic side effects and improving treatment outcomes.