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<p>Bean anthracnose, caused by <i>Colletotrichum lindemuthianum</i>, severely reduces crop productivity and leads to significant economic losses for farmers. Although typically managed with conventional fungicides, their prolonged use poses risks to both the environment and human health. In this context, essential oils (EOs) encapsulated in zein, a corn-derived protein biopolymer, have emerged as effective and sustainable solutions, providing a natural means of crop protection. In this study, a zein nanocarrier loaded with palmarosa EO (Z-CMEO) was prepared using ultrasound-assisted nanoprecipitation and subsequently characterized. TEM and SEM images revealed that the nanoparticles exhibited a spherical and uniform morphology. According to DLS analysis, Z-CMEO showed an average particle size of approximately 200&#xa0;nm and a PDI below 0.2. UV-Vis indicated that about 90% of CMEO was successfully encapsulated in the zein matrix, and approximately 80% remained encapsulated even after one year. FTIR spectra suggest interactions between the hydrophobic compounds in CMEO and the polymer matrix. TGA curves also suggest that CMEO is encapsulated within the zein protein matrix. Z-CMEO exhibited strong antifungal activity, completely inhibiting mycelial growth at a concentration of 1&#xa0;mg/mL. The formulation also showed excellent adherence to the leaf surface, resulting in a disease severity index of less than 40%, effectively reducing plant damage by more than half compared to the untreated control. Furthermore, Z-CMEO did not cause any adverse effects on foliar pigments. These findings highlight the potential of zein-encapsulated EOs as an eco-friendly and effective strategy for managing bean anthracnose in sustainable agriculture.</p>

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Zein Nanoparticles Loaded with Palmarosa Essential Oil (Cymbopogon martinii): An Eco-Friendly Solution for Bean Anthracnose

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月17日

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  • José Marcelo Honório Ferreira Barros,
  • Alessandro Antônio dos Santos,
  • Marciel João Stadnik,
  • Cristiane da Costa

摘要

Bean anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, severely reduces crop productivity and leads to significant economic losses for farmers. Although typically managed with conventional fungicides, their prolonged use poses risks to both the environment and human health. In this context, essential oils (EOs) encapsulated in zein, a corn-derived protein biopolymer, have emerged as effective and sustainable solutions, providing a natural means of crop protection. In this study, a zein nanocarrier loaded with palmarosa EO (Z-CMEO) was prepared using ultrasound-assisted nanoprecipitation and subsequently characterized. TEM and SEM images revealed that the nanoparticles exhibited a spherical and uniform morphology. According to DLS analysis, Z-CMEO showed an average particle size of approximately 200 nm and a PDI below 0.2. UV-Vis indicated that about 90% of CMEO was successfully encapsulated in the zein matrix, and approximately 80% remained encapsulated even after one year. FTIR spectra suggest interactions between the hydrophobic compounds in CMEO and the polymer matrix. TGA curves also suggest that CMEO is encapsulated within the zein protein matrix. Z-CMEO exhibited strong antifungal activity, completely inhibiting mycelial growth at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. The formulation also showed excellent adherence to the leaf surface, resulting in a disease severity index of less than 40%, effectively reducing plant damage by more than half compared to the untreated control. Furthermore, Z-CMEO did not cause any adverse effects on foliar pigments. These findings highlight the potential of zein-encapsulated EOs as an eco-friendly and effective strategy for managing bean anthracnose in sustainable agriculture.