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<p>The green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using biological sources is gaining prominence for its eco-friendly and non-toxic approach. This study presents a novel method of synthesizing ZnO NPs using <i>Artemia franciscana</i>, a marine zooplankton, and evaluates their structural properties and potential environmental toxicity. ZnO NPs were synthesized by reacting <i>A. franciscana</i> extract with zinc acetate at a 1:1 (5:5) ratio. The nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD confirmed a hexagonal wurtzite structure with an average crystallite size of 6.59&#xa0;nm, while DLS indicated a particle size of 134.1&#xa0;nm. FTIR analysis revealed functional groups involved in reduction and stabilization, and EDX showed high zinc content (90.46% by weight). SEM images depicted spherical and clustered nanoparticles. To assess toxicity, adult zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) were exposed to ZnO NPs at concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, and 25&#xa0;mg/L for 10&#xa0;days, following OECD guideline No. 203. A dose-dependent increase in mortality was observed, with an LD<sub>50</sub> of 0.4135&#xa0;mg/L. Histopathological analysis revealed vascular congestion in the liver with preserved architecture, while the kidneys exhibited progressive damage, including interstitial edema, tubular degradation, and mononuclear cell infiltration, especially at higher concentrations. This study highlights <i>A. franciscana</i> as a sustainable biotemplate for ZnO NP synthesis, producing structurally stable nanoparticles. However, the observed dose-dependent toxicity in zebrafish, particularly renal impairment, emphasizes the need for environmental risk assessment and safe application of these nanoparticles.</p>

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Biogenic Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Artemia franciscana and Toxicity Assessment in Zebrafish with Histopathological Insights

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月1日

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  • Rani Jose,
  • Joonu Jayabal,
  • Alex Yagoo,
  • Jelin Vilvest

摘要

The green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using biological sources is gaining prominence for its eco-friendly and non-toxic approach. This study presents a novel method of synthesizing ZnO NPs using Artemia franciscana, a marine zooplankton, and evaluates their structural properties and potential environmental toxicity. ZnO NPs were synthesized by reacting A. franciscana extract with zinc acetate at a 1:1 (5:5) ratio. The nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD confirmed a hexagonal wurtzite structure with an average crystallite size of 6.59 nm, while DLS indicated a particle size of 134.1 nm. FTIR analysis revealed functional groups involved in reduction and stabilization, and EDX showed high zinc content (90.46% by weight). SEM images depicted spherical and clustered nanoparticles. To assess toxicity, adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to ZnO NPs at concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, and 25 mg/L for 10 days, following OECD guideline No. 203. A dose-dependent increase in mortality was observed, with an LD50 of 0.4135 mg/L. Histopathological analysis revealed vascular congestion in the liver with preserved architecture, while the kidneys exhibited progressive damage, including interstitial edema, tubular degradation, and mononuclear cell infiltration, especially at higher concentrations. This study highlights A. franciscana as a sustainable biotemplate for ZnO NP synthesis, producing structurally stable nanoparticles. However, the observed dose-dependent toxicity in zebrafish, particularly renal impairment, emphasizes the need for environmental risk assessment and safe application of these nanoparticles.