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<p>The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens and the limitations of current treatments for gut dysbiosis highlight the urgent need for innovative antimicrobial solutions. Spinel nanoparticles (NPs), such as zinc ferrite (ZnFe₂O₄), copper ferrite (CuFe₂O₄), and silver ferrite (AgFe₂O₄), offer a promising alternative due to their targeted antimicrobial mechanisms. These NPs generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), disrupt microbial membranes, and penetrate biofilms, providing a multifaceted approach to combat MDR pathogens. Unlike broad-spectrum antibiotics, spinel NPs can be engineered with specific ligands to target harmful bacteria while preserving beneficial gut microbiota selectively. Preclinical studies demonstrate their efficacy against key pathogens, such as <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> and <i>ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae</i>, with minimal disruption to commensal bacteria. Despite challenges in formulation and safety, spinel NPs represent a groundbreaking strategy to address antibiotic resistance and microbiome-related disorders through precision antimicrobial therapy.</p>

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Targeted Antimicrobial Therapy Using Spinel Nanoparticles: Combating Multidrug-Resistant Gut Pathogens While Preserving Commensal Microbiota

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月8日

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  • Mahtab Ghaemi,
  • Haman Tavakkoli,
  • Arezoo Ghaemi,
  • Daniel Kheradmand

摘要

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens and the limitations of current treatments for gut dysbiosis highlight the urgent need for innovative antimicrobial solutions. Spinel nanoparticles (NPs), such as zinc ferrite (ZnFe₂O₄), copper ferrite (CuFe₂O₄), and silver ferrite (AgFe₂O₄), offer a promising alternative due to their targeted antimicrobial mechanisms. These NPs generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), disrupt microbial membranes, and penetrate biofilms, providing a multifaceted approach to combat MDR pathogens. Unlike broad-spectrum antibiotics, spinel NPs can be engineered with specific ligands to target harmful bacteria while preserving beneficial gut microbiota selectively. Preclinical studies demonstrate their efficacy against key pathogens, such as Clostridioides difficile and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, with minimal disruption to commensal bacteria. Despite challenges in formulation and safety, spinel NPs represent a groundbreaking strategy to address antibiotic resistance and microbiome-related disorders through precision antimicrobial therapy.