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<p>Microorganisms are omnipresent across diverse ecosystems; however, conventional methodologies for the identification of pathogenic species remain labor-intensive, time-consuming, and cost-prohibitive. While biochemical assays and molecular diagnostics such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) continue to serve as benchmark techniques, recent advancements in genomics have facilitated the design of highly specific molecular probes and the rapid generation of genetic markers for accurate pathogen characterization. Notably, nanoparticle-enabled diagnostic platforms have markedly enhanced the sensitivity and specificity of detection for both amplified and native (unamplified) pathogenic nucleic acids. Among these, biosensor-based diagnostics have emerged as robust, rapid, cost-efficient, and adaptable tools capable of detecting microbial pathogens across a wide spectrum of sample matrices. The evolution of biosensor technologies signifies a pivotal intersection of molecular biology, nanotechnology, and materials science. This review critically examines the development and application of nanomaterial-based biosensors in pathogen detection, with emphasis on their deployment in food and feed safety, as well as clinical diagnostics. Furthermore, it highlights the integration of biosensor platforms with microfluidic systems, cloud-based data analytics, and artificial intelligence, delineating their expanding role in real-time disease surveillance and global public health monitoring.</p>

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Nanoparticle-Based Biosensors for Pathogen Detection: Current Updates and Future Prospects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月10日

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  • Tista Mallick,
  • Raj Kumar Joshi,
  • Rukmini Mishra

摘要

Microorganisms are omnipresent across diverse ecosystems; however, conventional methodologies for the identification of pathogenic species remain labor-intensive, time-consuming, and cost-prohibitive. While biochemical assays and molecular diagnostics such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) continue to serve as benchmark techniques, recent advancements in genomics have facilitated the design of highly specific molecular probes and the rapid generation of genetic markers for accurate pathogen characterization. Notably, nanoparticle-enabled diagnostic platforms have markedly enhanced the sensitivity and specificity of detection for both amplified and native (unamplified) pathogenic nucleic acids. Among these, biosensor-based diagnostics have emerged as robust, rapid, cost-efficient, and adaptable tools capable of detecting microbial pathogens across a wide spectrum of sample matrices. The evolution of biosensor technologies signifies a pivotal intersection of molecular biology, nanotechnology, and materials science. This review critically examines the development and application of nanomaterial-based biosensors in pathogen detection, with emphasis on their deployment in food and feed safety, as well as clinical diagnostics. Furthermore, it highlights the integration of biosensor platforms with microfluidic systems, cloud-based data analytics, and artificial intelligence, delineating their expanding role in real-time disease surveillance and global public health monitoring.