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<p>In this research, nanomagnelite phases (Ti6O11), which are sub-oxides of titanium, were produced using a hydrothermal technique using three different reactors. Each reactor differs in its internal geometry and thermodynamics, which in turn affects the pressure, vapor distribution, and crystal growth behavior during the hydrothermal process. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the resulting nano-Ti6O11. In contrast to reactors B and C, which each contained mixed phases, XRD revealed that reactor A produced a pure magnelite phase. FESEM images supported this conclusion, revealing that reactor A had a consistent structure, while the other reactors did not. The phase purity in reactor A, indicating successful Ti6O11 production, was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that Ti6O11 phases can be generated under certain hydrothermal reactor conditions, and structural transformations in this direction were confirmed. Time-resolved current measurement data demonstrate the sensor’s rapid response to urea, confirming its ability to rapidly detect urea. Urea causes a significant increase in currents in cyclic voltammetry, indicating its interaction with hydrolysis products. Spectroscopic analysis shows that urea reduces the charge transfer resistance, enhancing electron transfer efficiency. The results confirm the effectiveness of the modified Ti6O11 nanostructured electrodes in urea detection, highlighting the sensor’s high sensitivity and strong interaction with urea. Antibacterial activity studies showed that the prepared samples exhibited significant activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> strains, with the former having a greater effect due to its thicker cell wall and its interaction with various materials.</p>

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Hydrothermal Synthesis of Ti₆O₁₁ Nanomaterials for Urea Sensing and Antibacterial Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月1日

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  • A. J. Hashim,
  • Hussein M. M. Jaafar,
  • Hanan Naji Mohsion,
  • Mohammed H. Jawad,
  • Taha M. Rashid,
  • Sama M. Alsaffar

摘要

In this research, nanomagnelite phases (Ti6O11), which are sub-oxides of titanium, were produced using a hydrothermal technique using three different reactors. Each reactor differs in its internal geometry and thermodynamics, which in turn affects the pressure, vapor distribution, and crystal growth behavior during the hydrothermal process. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the resulting nano-Ti6O11. In contrast to reactors B and C, which each contained mixed phases, XRD revealed that reactor A produced a pure magnelite phase. FESEM images supported this conclusion, revealing that reactor A had a consistent structure, while the other reactors did not. The phase purity in reactor A, indicating successful Ti6O11 production, was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that Ti6O11 phases can be generated under certain hydrothermal reactor conditions, and structural transformations in this direction were confirmed. Time-resolved current measurement data demonstrate the sensor’s rapid response to urea, confirming its ability to rapidly detect urea. Urea causes a significant increase in currents in cyclic voltammetry, indicating its interaction with hydrolysis products. Spectroscopic analysis shows that urea reduces the charge transfer resistance, enhancing electron transfer efficiency. The results confirm the effectiveness of the modified Ti6O11 nanostructured electrodes in urea detection, highlighting the sensor’s high sensitivity and strong interaction with urea. Antibacterial activity studies showed that the prepared samples exhibited significant activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains, with the former having a greater effect due to its thicker cell wall and its interaction with various materials.