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<p>One of the current approaches to improve the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) is the development of advanced photosensitizers, including those based on nanoparticles. In this research, we have demonstrated for the first time the possibility of using the cerium fluoride nanoparticles, functionalized with flavin mononucleotide (FMN-CeF<sub>3</sub> NPs), as a nanophotosensitizer for PDT. The binding of flavin mononucleotide to CeF<sub>3</sub> NPs results in the stabilization of these nanoparticles and does not lead to the formation of an amorphous structure. At the same time, the FMN-CeF<sub>3</sub> NPs exhibit an absorption of light at a wavelength of 450&#xa0;nm, similar to pure flavin mononucleotide. The FMN-CeF<sub>3</sub> NPs show statistically significant cytotoxicity to B16/F10 mouse melanoma cells through a mitochondria-dependent mechanism. The light irradiation at a wavelength of 450&#xa0;nm notably reduces both the cell viability of B16/F10 cells and their mitochondrial membrane potential. The FMN-CeF<sub>3</sub> NPs significantly improve this effect, thereby demonstrating a statistically significant photosensitizing activity of these nanoparticles. However, there is no significant difference in the effect of flavin mononucleotide and FMN-CeF<sub>3</sub> NPs under light irradiation. Therefore, we propose, that CeF<sub>3</sub> NPs are mainly a transporter for flavin mononucleotide, which can stabilize and deliver it to tumor cells for the purposes of PDT. Future research may be aimed at modifying the FMN-CeF₃ NPs synthesis method, in particular, changing the ratio of components or adjusting the parameters of light radiation to increase the efficiency of photosensitization.</p>

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Flavin Mononucleotide-Functionalized Cerium Fluoride Nanoparticles Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Melanoma Cells Under UV Irradiation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月18日

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  • Nikita N. Chukavin,
  • Uliana O. Andreeva,
  • Daria A. Vinnik,
  • Nikita A. Pivovarov,
  • Anastasia I. Kornienko,
  • Anton L. Popov

摘要

One of the current approaches to improve the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) is the development of advanced photosensitizers, including those based on nanoparticles. In this research, we have demonstrated for the first time the possibility of using the cerium fluoride nanoparticles, functionalized with flavin mononucleotide (FMN-CeF3 NPs), as a nanophotosensitizer for PDT. The binding of flavin mononucleotide to CeF3 NPs results in the stabilization of these nanoparticles and does not lead to the formation of an amorphous structure. At the same time, the FMN-CeF3 NPs exhibit an absorption of light at a wavelength of 450 nm, similar to pure flavin mononucleotide. The FMN-CeF3 NPs show statistically significant cytotoxicity to B16/F10 mouse melanoma cells through a mitochondria-dependent mechanism. The light irradiation at a wavelength of 450 nm notably reduces both the cell viability of B16/F10 cells and their mitochondrial membrane potential. The FMN-CeF3 NPs significantly improve this effect, thereby demonstrating a statistically significant photosensitizing activity of these nanoparticles. However, there is no significant difference in the effect of flavin mononucleotide and FMN-CeF3 NPs under light irradiation. Therefore, we propose, that CeF3 NPs are mainly a transporter for flavin mononucleotide, which can stabilize and deliver it to tumor cells for the purposes of PDT. Future research may be aimed at modifying the FMN-CeF₃ NPs synthesis method, in particular, changing the ratio of components or adjusting the parameters of light radiation to increase the efficiency of photosensitization.