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<p><i>Spirulina</i> has gained significant interest due to their ability to produce a wide range of biologically active substances and capable of tolerating harsh condition acting as natural reducing substance. <i>Spirulina</i>-mediated FeONPs utilized natural bioactive compounds offering sustainable and eco-friendly method. This approach is favored for its simplicity and efficiency, as it requires less time. In this study, FeONPs were prepared using <i>Spirulina subsalsa</i> as stabilizing, reducing, and capping agents. The biogenic FeONPs synthesized from <i>S. subsalsa</i> were analyzed using different spectroscopic techniques including FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD, and UV–visible spectroscopy. FeONP synthesis was confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopic peak at 418&#xa0;nm. The XRD analysis confirmed spherical crystalline structure of FeONPs with average size of 2.3&#xa0;nm. The FeONPs were also studied for diverse in vitro biological applications. Antibacterial assessment of <i>S. subsalsa</i>–mediated FeONPs exhibited inhibition against both negative and positive bacterial strains. <i>E. coli</i> was estimated to be more susceptible with MIC value of 30&#xa0;µg/mL. Furthermore, highest antifungal activity was observed against <i>Alternaria alternata</i> restricting ZOI to 15&#xa0;mm at 200&#xa0;µg/mL. The cytotoxicity effect for FeONPs was evaluated using brine shrimp lethality assay with 80% activity at 400&#xa0;µg/mL (IC<sub>50</sub> value of 154&#xa0;µg/mL), enzyme inhibition against protein kinase, and α-amylase. Anti-inflammatory assays showed 38.3% inhibition, and thrombolytic studies revealed 80.1% clot lysis with IC<sub>50</sub> value of 147.52&#xa0;µg/mL. Antioxidant activity of FeONPs was evaluated using DPPH revealing strong antioxidant capacity of 68.9% at 800&#xa0;µg/mL. Our results highlight that FeONPs synthesized from <i>S. subsalsa</i> are biocompatible, non-toxic, and show significant potential in different biomedical applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Therapeutic Potential of Spirulina subsalsa Extract–Mediated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (FeONPs), Characterization, and In Vitro Biological Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月15日

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  • Shazana Perveen,
  • Amber Jabeen,
  • Shafiullah,
  • Lubna Anjum Minhas,
  • Dildar Hussain,
  • Muhammad Kaleem,
  • Abdul Samad Mumtaz

摘要

Spirulina has gained significant interest due to their ability to produce a wide range of biologically active substances and capable of tolerating harsh condition acting as natural reducing substance. Spirulina-mediated FeONPs utilized natural bioactive compounds offering sustainable and eco-friendly method. This approach is favored for its simplicity and efficiency, as it requires less time. In this study, FeONPs were prepared using Spirulina subsalsa as stabilizing, reducing, and capping agents. The biogenic FeONPs synthesized from S. subsalsa were analyzed using different spectroscopic techniques including FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD, and UV–visible spectroscopy. FeONP synthesis was confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopic peak at 418 nm. The XRD analysis confirmed spherical crystalline structure of FeONPs with average size of 2.3 nm. The FeONPs were also studied for diverse in vitro biological applications. Antibacterial assessment of S. subsalsa–mediated FeONPs exhibited inhibition against both negative and positive bacterial strains. E. coli was estimated to be more susceptible with MIC value of 30 µg/mL. Furthermore, highest antifungal activity was observed against Alternaria alternata restricting ZOI to 15 mm at 200 µg/mL. The cytotoxicity effect for FeONPs was evaluated using brine shrimp lethality assay with 80% activity at 400 µg/mL (IC50 value of 154 µg/mL), enzyme inhibition against protein kinase, and α-amylase. Anti-inflammatory assays showed 38.3% inhibition, and thrombolytic studies revealed 80.1% clot lysis with IC50 value of 147.52 µg/mL. Antioxidant activity of FeONPs was evaluated using DPPH revealing strong antioxidant capacity of 68.9% at 800 µg/mL. Our results highlight that FeONPs synthesized from S. subsalsa are biocompatible, non-toxic, and show significant potential in different biomedical applications.

Graphical Abstract