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<p>The efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers in conventional agricultural systems remains a major challenge due to high nitrogen losses and low nutrient use efficiency. This study investigates the efficacy of nitrogen nano-fertilizers (N-NFs) on wheat cultivars (Pak-13, Borlaug-16, and Barani-70), focusing on their role in enhancing plant-soil interactions. The formation of N-NFs was confirmed spectroscopically through UV–visible spectroscopy (peaks at 220 and 260&#xa0;nm), XRD (48.43&#xa0;nm size), FTIR, EDS, and microscopically using SEM (showing a monoclinic shape). Bioactivity assessments confirmed their biocompatibility, with no significant antibacterial or antifungal effects observed at all concentrations of N-NFs 1000, 500, and 100&#xa0;µl/ml. Cytotoxicity evaluation via the Brine Shrimp Cytotoxicity Assay (BSCA) determined an IC₅₀ value of 117.11 µL/mL, indicating moderate toxicity. The Experimental analysis on wheat cultivars revealed that N-NFs not only improved crop yields but also minimized environmental impacts, offering a climate-smart alternative for enhancing food security. The plant height, grain yield, thousand kernel weight, chlorophyll contents, and biological yield increased up to 40.54%, 356.45%, 70.21%, 57.71%, and 468.35%, respectively, compared to urea and control conditions. N-NFs also improved nitrate reductase activity (366.67%), dehydrogenase activity (327.27%), and soil urease activity while reducing nitrogen leaching by 93.46% and increasing plant nitrogen uptake by 138.52%. Nutritional profiling showed improved carbohydrate and protein content in N-NF-treated grains. The large-scale production and use of N-NFs offer a cost-effective solution for enhancing crop productivity while reducing the ecological footprint of fertilizer use, contributing to both food security and environmental sustainability.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Nitrogen Nano-fertilizers Enhance Wheat Productivity, Improve Nitrogen Use Efficiency, and Mitigate Soil Nitrogen Losses While Maintaining Grain Quality Compared to Conventional Fertilizers

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月2日

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  • Minhas Elahi,
  • Muhammad Anas,
  • Aysha Hayat,
  • Kinza Tahir,
  • Rimsha Aslam,
  • Umar Masood Quraishi

摘要

The efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers in conventional agricultural systems remains a major challenge due to high nitrogen losses and low nutrient use efficiency. This study investigates the efficacy of nitrogen nano-fertilizers (N-NFs) on wheat cultivars (Pak-13, Borlaug-16, and Barani-70), focusing on their role in enhancing plant-soil interactions. The formation of N-NFs was confirmed spectroscopically through UV–visible spectroscopy (peaks at 220 and 260 nm), XRD (48.43 nm size), FTIR, EDS, and microscopically using SEM (showing a monoclinic shape). Bioactivity assessments confirmed their biocompatibility, with no significant antibacterial or antifungal effects observed at all concentrations of N-NFs 1000, 500, and 100 µl/ml. Cytotoxicity evaluation via the Brine Shrimp Cytotoxicity Assay (BSCA) determined an IC₅₀ value of 117.11 µL/mL, indicating moderate toxicity. The Experimental analysis on wheat cultivars revealed that N-NFs not only improved crop yields but also minimized environmental impacts, offering a climate-smart alternative for enhancing food security. The plant height, grain yield, thousand kernel weight, chlorophyll contents, and biological yield increased up to 40.54%, 356.45%, 70.21%, 57.71%, and 468.35%, respectively, compared to urea and control conditions. N-NFs also improved nitrate reductase activity (366.67%), dehydrogenase activity (327.27%), and soil urease activity while reducing nitrogen leaching by 93.46% and increasing plant nitrogen uptake by 138.52%. Nutritional profiling showed improved carbohydrate and protein content in N-NF-treated grains. The large-scale production and use of N-NFs offer a cost-effective solution for enhancing crop productivity while reducing the ecological footprint of fertilizer use, contributing to both food security and environmental sustainability.

Graphical Abstract