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<p>Non-ionic surfactant vesicles are gaining significance in the pharmaceutical field and cancer therapy due to their unique features and properties. Niosomes are bilayer-structured vesicles that effectively transport drugs into cells with greater efficiency. In this study, we have selected Indian spice essential oils: bay leaf oil (BLO), clove leaf oil (CLO), nutmeg oil (NMO), mace oil (MAC), and Acorus oil (ACO) for niosome formulation. Using the transmembrane pH gradient method, the niosomes were formulated with high stability, high entrapment, and high permeation. The niosomes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy to reveal their morphological features. We preliminarily evaluated the niosomes in HepG2 and YAC-1 cells for cytotoxicity using the MTT assay. The assay indicated that the formulated niosomes effectively inhibit the growth of HepG2 and YAC-1 cells at significant IC<sub>50</sub> and IC<sub>75</sub> concentrations. Additionally, we molecularly annotated the apoptotic patterns of cell death through staining and glutathione biomarkers. Furthermore, we discovered that niosomes induce apoptosis through flow cytometry analysis and that niosomes caused substantial DNA and chromatin damage, as determined by the micronucleus assay. Among the formulated niosomes, CLO-loaded niosomes demonstrated superior performance in inhibiting the growth of HepG2 cancer cells. Thus, the study concludes that essential oil-loaded niosomes could serve as a highly efficient drug carrier system for multi-drug delivery, holding great promise in cancer drug delivery.</p>

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Anti-neoplastic Activity of Selected Essential Oil (EO)–Loaded in Niosomes Against HepG2 and YAC-1 Cells: an In Vitro Study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月25日

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  • Janani Muthukumar,
  • Rajkuberan Chandrasekaran,
  • Nakkeeran Ekambaram,
  • Alan Mathew Punnoose,
  • Kalaiselvi Aasaithambi

摘要

Non-ionic surfactant vesicles are gaining significance in the pharmaceutical field and cancer therapy due to their unique features and properties. Niosomes are bilayer-structured vesicles that effectively transport drugs into cells with greater efficiency. In this study, we have selected Indian spice essential oils: bay leaf oil (BLO), clove leaf oil (CLO), nutmeg oil (NMO), mace oil (MAC), and Acorus oil (ACO) for niosome formulation. Using the transmembrane pH gradient method, the niosomes were formulated with high stability, high entrapment, and high permeation. The niosomes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy to reveal their morphological features. We preliminarily evaluated the niosomes in HepG2 and YAC-1 cells for cytotoxicity using the MTT assay. The assay indicated that the formulated niosomes effectively inhibit the growth of HepG2 and YAC-1 cells at significant IC50 and IC75 concentrations. Additionally, we molecularly annotated the apoptotic patterns of cell death through staining and glutathione biomarkers. Furthermore, we discovered that niosomes induce apoptosis through flow cytometry analysis and that niosomes caused substantial DNA and chromatin damage, as determined by the micronucleus assay. Among the formulated niosomes, CLO-loaded niosomes demonstrated superior performance in inhibiting the growth of HepG2 cancer cells. Thus, the study concludes that essential oil-loaded niosomes could serve as a highly efficient drug carrier system for multi-drug delivery, holding great promise in cancer drug delivery.