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<p>The objective of this study was to develop a nanosponge-based topical gel formulation of naproxen to enhance drug delivery and prolong its therapeutic effect. Nanosponges were prepared using the quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method and optimized through a 3<sup>2</sup> factorial design. The optimized formulation exhibited high entrapment efficiency (97.46%), small particle size (95.87&#xa0;nm), and a substantial production yield (84.23%). These nanosponges were incorporated into a Carbopol 934 gel base, resulting in a formulation with suitable pH (7.2 ± 0.5), smooth texture, and desirable flow characteristics. Rheological analysis confirmed thixotropic and pseudoplastic behavior, facilitating easy spreadability and better skin retention. In vitro drug release studies at 37&#xa0;°C in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) revealed sustained drug release, with 58% of naproxen released over 8&#xa0;h. The release kinetics followed the Higuchi model, indicating a diffusion-controlled mechanism. Overall, the developed nanosponge-based gel holds promise for effective and prolonged topical delivery of naproxen.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Formulation, Optimization, and Evaluation of Naproxen-Loaded Nanosponge Gel

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月13日

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  • Omkar B. Suryawanshi,
  • G. S. Bangale,
  • Dipak M. Shingare,
  • Krishna S. Dawargave,
  • Sayali N. Kamble,
  • Rutuja V. Deshmukh

摘要

The objective of this study was to develop a nanosponge-based topical gel formulation of naproxen to enhance drug delivery and prolong its therapeutic effect. Nanosponges were prepared using the quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method and optimized through a 32 factorial design. The optimized formulation exhibited high entrapment efficiency (97.46%), small particle size (95.87 nm), and a substantial production yield (84.23%). These nanosponges were incorporated into a Carbopol 934 gel base, resulting in a formulation with suitable pH (7.2 ± 0.5), smooth texture, and desirable flow characteristics. Rheological analysis confirmed thixotropic and pseudoplastic behavior, facilitating easy spreadability and better skin retention. In vitro drug release studies at 37 °C in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) revealed sustained drug release, with 58% of naproxen released over 8 h. The release kinetics followed the Higuchi model, indicating a diffusion-controlled mechanism. Overall, the developed nanosponge-based gel holds promise for effective and prolonged topical delivery of naproxen.

Graphical Abstract