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<p>The synthesis of cadmium oxide-modified graphitic carbon nitride (CdO/G-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) nanocomposites was achieved by a two-step procedure including the thermal polymerization of melamine to form G-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>&#xa0;and then the deposition of CdO via a hydrothermal technique. Various characterization methods, including as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-vis spectroscopy, were used to demonstrate the successful synthesis of CdO/G-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>. The excellent integration of the crystalline structure of CdO and the distinctive peak of G-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> was confirmed by XRD investigation. CdO inclusion was confirmed by FT-IR spectra, which showed the presence of C-N and C=N stretching vibrations from G-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> and Cd-O vibrations. CdO nanoparticles were uniformly distributed on G-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, improving surface roughness and porosity (20-50 nm), according to SEM imaging. A red shift in absorption was revealed by UV-vis spectroscopy, which improved visible-light absorption by lowering the bandgap energy from 2.7 eV (pure G-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) to roughly 2.3-2.6 eV (CdO/G-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>). CdO/G-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> is a viable option for photocatalytic applications due to the structural and optical changes brought about by CdO doping, which indicate improved charge separation and decreased electron-hole recombination. These results demonstrate the potential of CdO/G-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> nanocomposites in energy conversion and environmental remediation systems. CdO and CdO/G-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> nanocomposites were evaluated for antimicrobial, antioxidant (10-40&#xa0;μg/mL), anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities. CdO/G-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> showed enhanced antimicrobial and antioxidant effects across all concentrations, along with improved anti-inflammatory response. It also exhibited selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells (IC₅₀: 54.38-74.52&#xa0;μg/mL) while being non-toxic to normal cells (&gt;100&#xa0;μg/mL), suggesting strong potential for biomedical applications.</p>

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Synthesis, Characterization, and Multifunctional Bioactivity of Cadmium Oxide-Modified Graphitic Carbon Nitride (CdO/G-C3N4) Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月10日

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  • Raja Kaliyaperumal,
  • Karuppiah Nagaraj,
  • Thavan Kasilingam,
  • Tharini Kumaravel,
  • Ramachandran Gokulan

摘要

The synthesis of cadmium oxide-modified graphitic carbon nitride (CdO/G-C3N4) nanocomposites was achieved by a two-step procedure including the thermal polymerization of melamine to form G-C3N4 and then the deposition of CdO via a hydrothermal technique. Various characterization methods, including as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-vis spectroscopy, were used to demonstrate the successful synthesis of CdO/G-C3N4. The excellent integration of the crystalline structure of CdO and the distinctive peak of G-C3N4 was confirmed by XRD investigation. CdO inclusion was confirmed by FT-IR spectra, which showed the presence of C-N and C=N stretching vibrations from G-C3N4 and Cd-O vibrations. CdO nanoparticles were uniformly distributed on G-C3N4, improving surface roughness and porosity (20-50 nm), according to SEM imaging. A red shift in absorption was revealed by UV-vis spectroscopy, which improved visible-light absorption by lowering the bandgap energy from 2.7 eV (pure G-C3N4) to roughly 2.3-2.6 eV (CdO/G-C3N4). CdO/G-C3N4 is a viable option for photocatalytic applications due to the structural and optical changes brought about by CdO doping, which indicate improved charge separation and decreased electron-hole recombination. These results demonstrate the potential of CdO/G-C3N4 nanocomposites in energy conversion and environmental remediation systems. CdO and CdO/G-C3N4 nanocomposites were evaluated for antimicrobial, antioxidant (10-40 μg/mL), anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities. CdO/G-C3N4 showed enhanced antimicrobial and antioxidant effects across all concentrations, along with improved anti-inflammatory response. It also exhibited selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells (IC₅₀: 54.38-74.52 μg/mL) while being non-toxic to normal cells (>100 μg/mL), suggesting strong potential for biomedical applications.