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<p>Myogenous temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) is characterized by pain and dysfunction in the masticatory muscles, often resulting in muscle discomfort, restricted range of motion, fatigue, stiffness, and subjective weakness. <i>Boswellia serrata</i> gum resin extracts have long been used to manage chronic inflammatory conditions due to their bioactive compounds, particularly boswellic acids. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess significant anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and analgesic properties, making them promising agents in biomedical applications. This study developed a phytochemical-based topical analgesic gel incorporating green-synthesized AgNPs using <i>Boswellia serrata</i> resin, along with thymol, menthol, and camphor for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. The prepared gel was characterized for its physicochemical properties, including homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and stability, following International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Chromatographic analysis confirmed the presence of key bioactive compounds in the extract. UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and zeta potential analysis were used to assess the synthesized AgNPs. The gel demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting protein denaturation (85.6% inhibition, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) and significant antibacterial activity against <i>E. coli</i>, <i>S. aureus</i>, <i>S. mutans</i>, and <i>C. albicans</i> (minimum inhibitory concentration of 25–50&#xa0;µg/mL). The MTT assay also confirmed the biocompatibility of the formulations, exhibiting the highest cell viability (&gt; 85%) across all tested concentrations, indicating its superior safety profile for potential clinical application and notable analgesic effects in an in vivo zebrafish nociception model, reducing pain-associated behaviors by 47.2% (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Although the zebrafish model confirmed the gel’s analgesic properties, future studies should include targeted in vivo models of orofacial pain. These findings suggest that the formulated gel is a promising non-invasive treatment option for myogenous TMD pain.</p>

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Formulation & Characterization of Phytochemical Based Topical Analgesic Gel in Management of Myogenous Temporomandibular Joint Pain

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月19日

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  • Ramya Suresh,
  • Ramya Ramadoss,
  • Bargavi P,
  • Nitya Krishnasamy,
  • Meenakshi Sundaram K.,
  • G. Radha

摘要

Myogenous temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) is characterized by pain and dysfunction in the masticatory muscles, often resulting in muscle discomfort, restricted range of motion, fatigue, stiffness, and subjective weakness. Boswellia serrata gum resin extracts have long been used to manage chronic inflammatory conditions due to their bioactive compounds, particularly boswellic acids. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess significant anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and analgesic properties, making them promising agents in biomedical applications. This study developed a phytochemical-based topical analgesic gel incorporating green-synthesized AgNPs using Boswellia serrata resin, along with thymol, menthol, and camphor for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. The prepared gel was characterized for its physicochemical properties, including homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and stability, following International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Chromatographic analysis confirmed the presence of key bioactive compounds in the extract. UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and zeta potential analysis were used to assess the synthesized AgNPs. The gel demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting protein denaturation (85.6% inhibition, p < 0.05) and significant antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, S. mutans, and C. albicans (minimum inhibitory concentration of 25–50 µg/mL). The MTT assay also confirmed the biocompatibility of the formulations, exhibiting the highest cell viability (> 85%) across all tested concentrations, indicating its superior safety profile for potential clinical application and notable analgesic effects in an in vivo zebrafish nociception model, reducing pain-associated behaviors by 47.2% (p < 0.05). Although the zebrafish model confirmed the gel’s analgesic properties, future studies should include targeted in vivo models of orofacial pain. These findings suggest that the formulated gel is a promising non-invasive treatment option for myogenous TMD pain.