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<p>The synthesis of nanoparticles using microorganisms has garnered significant attention in recent years. Bismuth compounds are recognized for their antimicrobial properties against various microorganisms. Therefore, this study aims to explore the activity of bismuth-based nanoparticles and evaluate their impact on the growth of fungal pathogens, with the goal of understanding their potential as antifungal agents. Bismuth nanoparticles (Bi-NPs) were synthesized through the wet reduction method using reference strains of <i>Candida glabrata</i> and <i>C. albicans</i>. The presence of the nanoparticles was confirmed through various techniques, including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), UV–Vis spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis. The MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay was also conducted on melanoma and human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cell lines to assess cell metabolic activity. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed to assess the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of itraconazole, amphotericin B, and caspofungin in comparison to Bi-NPs. This was carried out using the CLSI M27-A3 guideline for the reference strains of <i>C. albicans</i> and <i>C. glabrata</i>. The green synthesis of Bi-NPs was successfully accomplished using <i>Candida</i> broth culture media, and the MTT assay indicated that they exhibited no toxic effects. The MICs for <i>C. albicans</i> and <i>C. glabrata</i> were as follows: itraconazole at 0.0312&#xa0;µg/ml, amphotericin B at 0.5&#xa0;µg/ml, and caspofungin at 0.0625&#xa0;µg/ml for <i>C. albicans</i>, while for <i>C. glabrata</i>, the MICs were 0.125&#xa0;µg/ml for itraconazole, 0.0156&#xa0;µg/ml for amphotericin B, and 0.0625&#xa0;µg/ml for caspofungin. Moreover, the samples treated with Bi-NPs exhibited MIC values of 0.0312&#xa0;µg/ml and 0.125&#xa0;µg/ml for <i>C. albicans</i> and <i>C. glabrata</i>, respectively. The biosynthesized Bi-NPs appeared higher antifungal properties against C. albicans compared to C. glabrata. In spite of the fact that biosynthesized Bi-NPs shown favorable inhibitory effects against the <i>Candida</i> strains, it did not demonstrate significant effectiveness compared to utilized antifungals. The IC50 values revealed that the&#xa0;NPs&#xa0;may be inspected for clinical settings as well.</p>

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Green Synthesis of Bismuth Nanoparticles Using Candida albicans and C. glabrata, Along with an Evaluation of Their Antifungal Effects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月28日

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  • Elnaz Zanganeh,
  • Majid Moghbeli,
  • Hossein Zarrinfar,
  • Hamid Sadeghian

摘要

The synthesis of nanoparticles using microorganisms has garnered significant attention in recent years. Bismuth compounds are recognized for their antimicrobial properties against various microorganisms. Therefore, this study aims to explore the activity of bismuth-based nanoparticles and evaluate their impact on the growth of fungal pathogens, with the goal of understanding their potential as antifungal agents. Bismuth nanoparticles (Bi-NPs) were synthesized through the wet reduction method using reference strains of Candida glabrata and C. albicans. The presence of the nanoparticles was confirmed through various techniques, including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), UV–Vis spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis. The MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay was also conducted on melanoma and human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cell lines to assess cell metabolic activity. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed to assess the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of itraconazole, amphotericin B, and caspofungin in comparison to Bi-NPs. This was carried out using the CLSI M27-A3 guideline for the reference strains of C. albicans and C. glabrata. The green synthesis of Bi-NPs was successfully accomplished using Candida broth culture media, and the MTT assay indicated that they exhibited no toxic effects. The MICs for C. albicans and C. glabrata were as follows: itraconazole at 0.0312 µg/ml, amphotericin B at 0.5 µg/ml, and caspofungin at 0.0625 µg/ml for C. albicans, while for C. glabrata, the MICs were 0.125 µg/ml for itraconazole, 0.0156 µg/ml for amphotericin B, and 0.0625 µg/ml for caspofungin. Moreover, the samples treated with Bi-NPs exhibited MIC values of 0.0312 µg/ml and 0.125 µg/ml for C. albicans and C. glabrata, respectively. The biosynthesized Bi-NPs appeared higher antifungal properties against C. albicans compared to C. glabrata. In spite of the fact that biosynthesized Bi-NPs shown favorable inhibitory effects against the Candida strains, it did not demonstrate significant effectiveness compared to utilized antifungals. The IC50 values revealed that the NPs may be inspected for clinical settings as well.