<p>Cancer therapeutics face significant challenges despite advancements in conventional treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The limitations include non-specific targeting, systemic toxicity, and drug resistance, necessitating the exploration of innovative approaches. Polymeric micelles have emerged as a promising approach in cancer therapeutics, offering enhanced efficacy and improved patient outcomes. These nanoscale carriers, formed through the self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers, provide a versatile platform for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. Their unique core–shell structure allows for the encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs, thereby increasing solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Furthermore, polymeric micelles can be engineered to target specific tumor sites through passive and active targeting mechanisms, minimizing systemic toxicity and enhancing therapeutic index. This review discusses the design, development, and application of polymeric micelles in cancer treatment, highlighting recent advancements and clinical successes. Key challenges, such as optimizing drug loading, controlling release kinetics, and overcoming multidrug resistance, are also addressed. Through a comprehensive analysis of current research and future perspectives, this manuscript underscores the potential of polymeric micelles to revolutionize cancer therapeutics, paving the way for more effective and personalized treatment strategies.</p>