Nanotechnology in Urolithiasis: Transformative Approaches for Kidney Stone Theranostics

Nephrolithiasis often known as urolithiasis or kidney stone disease, is a painful and recurring condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is a major public health concern owing to its rising prevalence, which is influenced by factors such as geography, diet, lifestyle, and gender. Traditional therapeutic approaches do exist; however, they are not completely efficient in preventing recurrence. Nanotechnology introduces a paradigm shift in kidney stone management by enabling the use of nanoparticles (NPs) for kidney stone management through improved therapy and diagnostic tools. This review delves into the various metal, carbon, silica, selenium, and polymer-based NPs for their application in the field of urolithiasis. However, continued research is needed to implement and improve nanoparticle-based therapies and imaging techniques which can overcome the current limitations, and ensure safe and efficient applications in the field of urolithiasis.