Impact of Copper Carbonate Nanoparticles on Hematological, Liver, and Kidney Function, Lipid Profile, and Hormonal Regulation in Albino Mice: A Combined Experimental and Computational Analysis

Nanoparticles have emerged as a significant focus of biomedical research due to their unique properties and potential applications in medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of copper carbonate nanoparticles on different biological parameters and protein interactions in albino mice in a broader way by employing experimental and computational methods. Characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles was confirmed through SEM, XRD, and FTIR analyses as confirming that fluorite-type particles were synthesized with tiny spherical particles with unique crystal structures. Some changes were observed in the hematological profile. In this study, WBC (14.69 ± 0.43 × 10⁸/µl), MCH (21.13 ± 0.66 pg), and MCHC (32.63 ± 0.85 g/dl) levels were significantly elevated, while Hb (9.75 ± 0.34 g/dl), platelet count (296.67 ± 4.19 × 10³/µl), and neutrophils (55.00 ± 0.82%) showed significant decreases. Hepatic and renal profiles indicated a marked increase in ALP (110.00 ± 3.27 U/L) and ALT (84.33 ± 1.25 U/L), while AST (45.67 ± 2.49 U/L), urea (22.63 ± 0.56 mg/dl), and creatinine (32.97 ± 0.69 µmol/L) were reduced. Biochemical analysis showed a decrease in triglycerides (72.33 ± 1.25 mg/dl) and LDL (45.00 ± 0.82 mg/dl) but an increase in total cholesterol (86.87 ± 2.81 mg/dl). Hormonal analysis revealed reductions in TSH (1.23 ± 0.19 ng/ml), IgE (105.00 ± 1.63 ng/ml), and LH (7.50 ± 0.50 miu/ml), with a significant rise in insulin (783.00 ± 5.89 pg/dl). Homology modeling and molecular docking supported interactions of copper carbonate nanoparticles with key proteins such as thyroxine (docking score, − 5.8 kcal/mol), insulin (− 6.2 kcal/mol), SOD, AST, albumin, and catalase. These findings suggest that copper carbonate nanoparticles influence metabolic, biochemical, and endocrine processes by altering protein stability and function, contributing to the understanding of their biological and molecular behavior.