Fabrication and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticle-Loaded Nanofibers for Diabetic Wound Healing Applications: An in vivo Study

Wound healing, a critical aspect of human health, particularly in challenging conditions such as diabetes and severe burns, has benefited from technological innovations. This investigation focused on developing a nanofibrous wound dressing composed of chitosan (CS), polyethylene glycol, and polyvinyl alcohol, further enhanced by integrating zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The nanofibers (NFs) were fabricated through electrospinning, incorporating 2.5 and 4% wt ZnO NPs, and their physicochemical and biological characteristics were comprehensively assessed. Results indicated a minimal impact of ZnO NPs incorporation on fiber diameter, while concurrently demonstrating a substantial 2.1-fold enhancement in mechanical properties. The presence of the metal oxide NPs accelerated swelling kinetics from 317 to 397% within 24 h and expedited weight loss of the NF mat by up to 86% within 48 h. Antibacterial evaluations revealed a dose-dependent inhibition of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using the obtained NFs. A maximal inhibition zone of approximately 14 ± 2 mm was observed against S. aureus in the presence of 4% wt ZnO NPs. Despite a 21% reduction in viability after 72 h at raised concentrations, the obtained dressings demonstrated accelerated wound healing and diminished inflammation in diabetic rats through enhanced epithelialization, collagen deposition, and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration over a 14-day study period. These findings recommend that the developed CS-based NFs with integrated ZnO NPs hold significant promise for the management of diabetic wounds.