Golden Threads of Lipid Nanoparticles (LNPs) contributing to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine: A Review

Lipid-based RNA delivery techniques, particularly lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), have generated significant scientific interest, primarily because of their distinct attributes including higher stability, low toxicity, and greater efficiency when compared to alternative delivery systems. LNPs indeed play a crucial role in the development and effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. They have enabled the development of mRNA vaccines and hold promise for addressing challenges posed by emerging variants and other infectious diseases. Unprotected mRNA is intrinsically unstable and susceptible to rapid degradation by nucleases and self-hydrolysis. The encapsulation of mRNA within LNPs serves as a protective shield, safeguarding the mRNA from extracellular ribonucleases and facilitating its effective delivery within cells. This protective measure is pivotal in preserving the integrity and functionality of the mRNA-based therapeutics or vaccine. In this review, we explored the characteristics of LNPs, their advantages compared to liposomes, and their integration into mRNA vaccines, particularly in the context of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. In addition, it explores their role as a delivery system for genetic material and outlines potential future directions for enhancing LNPs in mRNA delivery.