Investigation of the Structural, Optical, Antimicrobial, and Anticancer Activities of Tellurium Oxide Embedded in Calcium Borophosphate Glass Ceramic Material

The xTeO₃(100-x)[48P₂O₅.50CaO.2B₂O₃] (x = 2, 4, 6, 8) glass material was synthesised by the sol–gel method for studying the thermal, optical, structural, dielectrical, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. The synthesised material shows 66% thermal stability with optical band gap energy ranges from 3.63 to 3.72 eV. The structural study reveals a nature with a face-centred cubic crystal structure and an average crystallite size between 24.79 and 33.06 nm by X-ray analysis. The material shows a nanosheet-like morphology. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy verifies the total chemical composition of the synthesised glass material. Glass can therefore be successfully employed as a conducting medium due to its low dielectric loss. Raman active bands range from 150 cm-1 to 1500 cm-1 which includes the Raman shift of TeO3 observable at 732 cm-1. The resulting glass material exhibits excellent antimicrobial activity as well as antiproliferative activity against the human cervical cancer cell line HeLa.