Micro/nanoplastics in Aquatic Ecosystems: An Integrated Review of Occurrence, Toxicological Implications, Case Studies, Methodologies, and Future Recommendations

Micro/nanoplastics, tiny fragments smaller than 5 mm, have emerged as significant pollutants in aquatic ecosystems across the globe. This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted dimensions of micro/nanoplastic pollution in aquatic habitats, offering insights into its sources, distribution patterns, and the toxicological repercussions it fosters. An alarming finding highlights that these minute particles, often overlooked, are ubiquitous across freshwater, marine, and estuarine environments, posing threats to aquatic flora and fauna. Detailed case studies provide real-world evidence of the damage micro/nanoplastic inflict, emphasizing their insidious nature and potential for biomagnification in aquatic food webs. Accompanying these particles, the associated chemical contaminants further exacerbate the environmental harm. This review also sheds light on the advanced methodologies employed for the detection and analysis of these plastic fragments, ranging from innovative sampling techniques to in vivo, in vitro, and in silico toxicological evaluations. However, with the escalating challenges presented by micro/nanoplastic pollution, it is imperative to look beyond the present. Our recommendations for the future hinge on robust research endeavors, policy-making fortified by scientific insights, and a collaborative global approach to mitigate the looming crisis. This review aims to be a cornerstone for researchers, policymakers, and environmentalists, offering a panoramic view of the current state, challenges, and prospective strategies concerning micro/nanoplastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems.