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<p>Despite the 97% electricity access rate, the Philippines still faces energy security challenges, particularly in Mindanao’s rural areas, where over 2&#xa0;million households remain without electricity. Reliance on coal for electricity increases greenhouse gas emissions, particularly CO<sub>2</sub>, driving global warming and contributing to climate change, leading to more extreme weather events, such as typhoons, droughts, and flooding. Given the finite nature of fossil fuels, multisource hybrid power generation systems utilizing renewable energy (RE) are essential. This study presents an optimized grid-connected hybrid RE system integrating solar photovoltaic (PV) and biogas technologies, evaluated for both economic feasibility and environmental impact. Using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software, various system configurations were simulated based on site-specific parameters, including hourly load profiles, solar irradiance data, biomass availability, capital and operational costs, as well as economic indicators such as inflation and discount rates, grid electricity prices, and emission factors. The financial analysis yields a return on investment (ROI) of 20–22.4%, an internal rate of return (IRR) of 26.6–29.7%, and a payback period of 3.61–3.74 years. The optimal configuration for a university campus in Mindanao comprises 200-kW solar PV, a 100-kW biogas generator, and a 133-kW converter. This system achieves a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of $0.10/kWh, notably lower than the current grid rate of $0.16/kWh, and is capable of meeting 100% of the load demand despite renewable intermittency. Compared to a grid-only baseline, the hybrid system reduces the LCOE by up to 37.5% and total annual costs by as much as 27.4%. The environmental benefits are also substantial, showing a 36% reduction in CO₂ emissions, surpassing the reductions observed in hybrid biogas (7%) and hybrid solar PV (29%) configurations, attributable to a higher RE penetration of approximately 43%. Although this model was specifically developed for a university campus, the hybrid microgrid system exhibits both scalability and replicability for rural applications. The integration of solar PV and biogas technologies not only optimizes the use of the abundant renewable resources but also capitalizes on waste-to-energy potentials, thereby establishing a robust framework for sustainable electrification in off-grid communities.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Design and economic optimization of hybrid (photovoltaic + biogas) microgrid power generation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月24日

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  • G. M. S. C. Cabaraban,
  • M. T. I. Cabaraban

摘要

Despite the 97% electricity access rate, the Philippines still faces energy security challenges, particularly in Mindanao’s rural areas, where over 2 million households remain without electricity. Reliance on coal for electricity increases greenhouse gas emissions, particularly CO2, driving global warming and contributing to climate change, leading to more extreme weather events, such as typhoons, droughts, and flooding. Given the finite nature of fossil fuels, multisource hybrid power generation systems utilizing renewable energy (RE) are essential. This study presents an optimized grid-connected hybrid RE system integrating solar photovoltaic (PV) and biogas technologies, evaluated for both economic feasibility and environmental impact. Using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software, various system configurations were simulated based on site-specific parameters, including hourly load profiles, solar irradiance data, biomass availability, capital and operational costs, as well as economic indicators such as inflation and discount rates, grid electricity prices, and emission factors. The financial analysis yields a return on investment (ROI) of 20–22.4%, an internal rate of return (IRR) of 26.6–29.7%, and a payback period of 3.61–3.74 years. The optimal configuration for a university campus in Mindanao comprises 200-kW solar PV, a 100-kW biogas generator, and a 133-kW converter. This system achieves a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of $0.10/kWh, notably lower than the current grid rate of $0.16/kWh, and is capable of meeting 100% of the load demand despite renewable intermittency. Compared to a grid-only baseline, the hybrid system reduces the LCOE by up to 37.5% and total annual costs by as much as 27.4%. The environmental benefits are also substantial, showing a 36% reduction in CO₂ emissions, surpassing the reductions observed in hybrid biogas (7%) and hybrid solar PV (29%) configurations, attributable to a higher RE penetration of approximately 43%. Although this model was specifically developed for a university campus, the hybrid microgrid system exhibits both scalability and replicability for rural applications. The integration of solar PV and biogas technologies not only optimizes the use of the abundant renewable resources but also capitalizes on waste-to-energy potentials, thereby establishing a robust framework for sustainable electrification in off-grid communities.

Graphical abstract