Agrivoltaic systems in Indian context: a multi-dimensional examination

Food security, energy security, and low farmer's income are constraints for developing nations like India. India has promised to escalate the percentage of their energy production that comes from inexhaustible sources to 50% by the year 2030. Food security and poor farmer income are additional concerns as the population continues to grow, with 47% of the population dependent on agricultural activity. India ranks 111 in global hunger indexed. This classifies the level of hunger in India as “severe.” Agri-photovoltaic technology has shown a significant improvement in energy and food sectors. This study demonstrates the promising potential of agrivoltaic technology in India. In India, there are now 22 operational projects and 3 upcoming projects underway in various states. The electric energy capacity of diverse plants ranges from 3 to 7000 kW, and multiple crops are grown on the same field, while agriphotovoltaic systems can increase farmers' revenue. India has great potential to utilise agrivoltaic systems in different areas either productive land or unproductive land. Approximately 60% of India's physical area is available for agricultural activities, which can immediately give social and economic benefits to rural communities. However, crop yields may be impacted if agricultural land is completely converted to agrivoltaics. PM-KUSUM program shows significant relationship between food and energy. However, insecurity, cost of solar panels, lack of awareness and e-waste of solar panels make unsuitable this system in rural areas. Policy modifications are required to make suitable agrivoltaic systems for rural areas population.